Contract management and Procurement management Essay

Contract management and Procurement management - Essay Example It is therefore, very important that the project managers must manager certain components of the whole project management and project life cycle in more details as compared to other components of the project. It is therefore of great importance that the project managers must find a perfect fit between the different components of the overall project. Contract Management and Procurement management are two most important concepts of project management where project managers tend to interact with external players such as vendors, suppliers as well as regulatory authorities. The management of contract and procurement processes therefore needs special skills to fit them properly into the overall process of project management as well as project life cycles. By law, a contract is "an agreement between competent parties, for consideration, to accomplish some lawful purpose with the terms clearly set forth" (Newell, 2005). The above definition of contract suggests that it is an agreement which is backed up by the legal consideration. Within the context of project management, contract management is a phased process which involves different stages. Project Managers first determine the requirements of the contract i.e. what is required to be obtained and acquired to complete the project. Once the requirements of the project are clearly identified, the project managers issue requisitions and than the next phase are of solicitation. When solicitation phase is over, the contract is awarded to the approved vendors. This whole process requires interaction between the external as well as internal parties to the project therefore there remain very strong chances of the project overruns If the process of contract management is not effectively managed. As the whole purpose of Project life cycle is to focus on how to manage the project therefore, contract management being one of the critical components of the project, requires that the project managers must find a perfect fit between the project management and contract management. As discussed above that the contract management starts at the time when project managers first assess the requirements of the project. In our case, we will be requiring software and hardware to implement our proposed email system, therefore once the requirements of the whole project are determined, the next phase in contract management and the project management requires that the project managers must start the process of solicitation and finally awarding the contract. This whole process is therefore the core process of the project management since it is through the contract management that the project managers tend to manage their schedules, costs as well as other associated activities of the project. It is also important to consider that the contract management, when properly fit into the project management life cycle, delivers very important benefits for the project itself. A good contract management would provide a system for centralized oversight of the whole project however with a degree of decentralized ownership of the different components of the project. Further, contract manageme

Language and memory Essay Example for Free

Language and memory Essay Limitations with the study included the sample range being too small. This means that it is difficult to make generalisations because 20 undergraduate students cannot possibly be representative of the sample population. In order to improve the experiment, a wider sample range could be used, including people from different age groups and ethnic backgrounds. Another limitation was gender bias. The driver in the vignette was male which could have meant that male participants may have been more sympathetic to him when giving an estimation. If a female character had been used, the results may have been different. This could be improved by using two sample groups, both with female characters, but again with either the smashed into condition or bumped into condition. The results of this and previous studies have a number of implications in todays society. Loftus and Palmers work (1974), showed how changing a verb in a sentence, can alter eyewitness recall of a car accident. These findings have major implications for the Legal Justice Systems. In a study by Rattner (1988), a review of 205 cases of wrongful arrest showed that 52% of the cases were associated with mistaken eyewitness testimonies. These results highlighted the unreliability of eyewitness testimony. Other studies have demonstrated that witnesses sometimes cannot attribute memory to its appropriate sources, or that they make source attribution errors. When witnesses get information from other witnesses and from the police, then their own recollection is likely to be contaminated (Fisher, 1995). This is yet further evidence suggesting that there should be less dependence on eyewitness testimony, and with the arrival of advanced gene technology, it is now possible to use alternative sources of evidence. References Carlson, N. R., Buskist, W., Martin, G. N. (2000). Psychology The Science of Behaviour, 266-267 Loftus, E. F. and Palmer, J. E. (1974). Reconstruction of automobile destruction: an example of the interaction between language and memory. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behaviour, 13, 585-589. Fisher, R. P., (1995). Interviewing victims and witnesses of crime. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 1(4), 732-764.  Nisha Ghei Eyewitness Practical

The Goals Of Positive Youth Development Young People Essay

The Goals Of Positive Youth Development Young People Essay Positive Youth Development focus on building or promoting positive qualities in adolescents and focus on adolescents development in a social context, including the family, school and/or community (Catalano et al., 2002) . It suggests that good life can be encouraged by identifying individual strengths of character and fostering them (Seligman. 2002). Positive youth development goal is to build and strengthen personal qualities that enable adolescents to grow and flourish throughout life (Park, 2004). Positive youth development suggests that by focusing on adolescents strengths, the impact of negative risk factors will be reduced (Thornberry, 1995). Focusing on adolescents strengths in multiple domains, such as family, school, and community, is what is particularly important in buffering adolescents from the effects of risk factors (Thornberry, 1995). Positive youth development sets the main guidelines as to how we can best support adolescents healthy development. Lerner (2005) states that Positive youth development outcomes can be identified as the Five C; Competence (academic, social, vocational skills), Self-Confidence, Connectedness (healthy relationship to community, friends, family), Character (integrity, moral commitment), Caring and Compassion (Lerner at al., 2005). Positive youth development focuses on the adolescents pos itive outcomes rather than negative outcomes (Catalano et al., 2002). The positive youth development approach aims to provide the maximum impact on the life-path of adolescents (Catalano et al., 2002). Youth development suggests long-term outcomes. Adolescents who consistently experience healthy attitudes and clear expectations for positive behaviour within their families, schools, and communities are less likely to become involved in risky behaviours, especially if they have developed strong bonds to the individuals and social groups within these settings (Garmezy, 1971). Adolescents have to experience and embrace the newly acquired skills and positive relationships over a long period of time to be effective. Positive youth development strategies have to accompany adolescents throughout their growing up years. While short term positive outcomes are important and should be built on, Positive youth development suggests positive long term outcomes.(Park, 2004). The Positive Youth Development focuses on building on the adolescents strengths, talents and interests encouraging wellness as much as on remedying deficits. Youth development strategies target all adolescents. It suggests that creating supportive and enriching environments for all adolescents will lead to positive outcomes as well as reduced negative outcomes (Lerner, 2004). The Positive Youth Development perspective stemmed from the work of comparative psychologists who had been studying the plasticity of developmental modes that emerged from the fusion of biological and contextual levels of organisation (Benson et al., 2006). The work of Garmezys (1983) ideas about the invulnerable child, which suggests that adolescents protective factors can reduce the impact of risk factors, followed by Werners (1982) work on resiliency were the cornerstone for the positive youth developmental approach (Damon, 2004). In 1997 Benson focused on the developmental assets, idea, which explains the adolescents positive characteristics in contrast to the incapacities of adolescents. The exploration of adolescence by developmental scientists interested in developmental systems theory resulted in the elaboration of the Positive Youth Development perspective (Benson et al., 2006). The Positive Development Perspective Versus the Deficit View The exploration of a strength- based ideal promotes the concept of positive human development (Lerner, 2004). Since the founding of the scientific study of adolescent development (Hall, 1904), the predominant conceptual frame for the study of adolescence has been one of prevention and elimination of risk factors that make adolescents and youth vulnerable to maladaptive behaviours ( Benson et al., 2006). The goal of Positive Youth Development is not merely restricted to surviving in the face of adversity but actually growing throughout life (Lerner, 2007). Interventions targeting only one single problem have come under criticism. Broad based interventions can therefore have broad effects. Thus programs that promote wellness and building strengths such as character strength among youth and sustain it across the life span may pay much greater dividends, not only preventing in the short run disorders but also building the long run moral, healthy, and well developed people who can over come challenges in life and enjoy the good life (Albee 1996; Cowen 1994,1998; Durlak 1997;Elias 19995) Catalano, Berglund, Ryan, Lonczak, and Hawkins (1999) noted that problem behaviours are tracked more often than positive ones and, while an increasing number of positive youth development interventions are choosing to measure both, this is still far from being the standard in the field. The Positive Youth Development approach suggests that adolescents are resources to be developed, and not as problems to be managed (Roth Brooks-Gunn, 2003a,b). It builds on the idea of resilience and protective factors; suggesting that adolescents have the personal strength and resilience to help them avoid problems such as alcohol, drugs, and school violence (Luthar, Cicchetti, Curtis, 2000). People are pleased when intervention programs reduce the rates of drug abuse or teenage crime. However there are few positive indicators to which people may point to reflect the desirable, healthy, and valued behaviours among their children and adolescents (Lerner, 2004). Replacing the deficit view of adolescence, the PYD model regards adolescents as having strengths. The PYD model suggests that increases in well-being and thriving are possible for young adolescence through aligning the strengths of adolescents with developmental assets present in their social and physical ecology (Lerner, 2005). Earlier prevention programs only focused on the reduction of the influence of well-established risk factors for the development of problem behaviours. The health and well-being of adolescents require as much attention to promoting developmental strengths as to directly combating risk, environmental threats, and social dysfunctions that obstruct human development (Benson, 2006). These two approaches ought to be complementary and in balance. Positive Youth Development Enhances the Well Being of Young People Positive Youth development program strive to build strengths, competence, and positive qualities in children (Catalano et al., 2002). Earlier prevention programs only focused on the reduction of the influence of well- established risk factors for the development of problem behaviours. The Positive Youth Development approach focuses on lowering the impact of developmental risks and increasing the influence of protective factors. Protective factors are targeted by prevention strategies aimed at influencing a wide range of different problem behaviour being developed ( Jessor, 1995). School based substance prevention programs can be effective in reducing consumption rates of substance during adolescences (Tobler et al., 2000). Such programs employ interactive teaching methods, thus providing contact and communication opportunities between students, encouraging refusal skills, allowing feedback to be received in a non-threatening climate, and enabling students to practice acquired skills. Along with the interactive teaching approach, PYD prevention programs promote resistance, assertiveness, communication, and problem solving skills against social pressure (WHO, 1997). The characteristics for effective prevention programs against adolescent substance misuse can best be reflected in life skills programs implemented within school or community setting ( Tobler Stratton, 1997) The life skill program can help adolescents through; Enhancing a Sense of Personal Safety Adolescents need to have a sense of physical and emotional security, they need to feel that adults will protect them from any emotional or physical harm. It is important for adolescents to feel less apprehensive of negative outcomes when failing to achieve certain goals, thus adolescents need to be encouraged to take positive risks Youth at a program feel as though the adults there will protect them from any physical harm. Young people who are encouraged to take positive risks without negative consequences for their mistakes become less fearful of failure and more likely to pursue stretch goals, objectives they might once have rejected as out of their reach (Seligman, 2002). Encouraging Relationship Building Adolescents need many supportive relationships to help them navigate their adolescence. They need guidance from adults as well as emotional and practical support from their peers. Research has identified these adult-child and peer relationships as the key to helping young people overcome the obstacles of adolescence and adolescence relationships (Lerner, 2004). Fostering Meaningful Youth Participation Simple participation is not enough to promote positive youth development: youth must have an active role in shaping the program. They must have the opportunity to practice and develop leadership skills by planning projects, initiatives, and activities (ODonnell et al., 1995).Giving youth a meaningful role in the program will heighten their sense of belonging to the program, fostering deeper relationships with the adult staff and other youth participants (Park, 2004). Providing Opportunities for Community Involvement Young people are often looking for a sense of purpose. Creating opportunities for young people to become involved in the community, and for community members to interact with youth, is a powerful way to foster this sense of purpose (Larson, 2000). It is also a successful and innovative way of advancing community change. Life skills programs encourage a mutualism relationship between the youth of a community and the community as a whole. By engaging in dialogue and action together, youth can learn more about the community in which they live, giving them greater respect for it, and preparing them to become active and responsible citizens within it. At the same time, the community can overcome negative stereotypes about the young, and gain a greater understanding of the assets of the youth who live there. Positive Youth Development in relation to working with adolescents. PYD perspective presents a real shift in thinking of how we provide services for young people. It suggests that motivation results from using reinforcers effectively. Focusing on adolescents character strength and nurturing positive skills can actually increase intrinsic motivation and increases adolescents sense of autonomy, achievement, and the understanding of why we succeed and fail (Benson, 2006). Positive Youth development challenges communities to take a new look at its resources and how they can be used to support young people. Positive Youth Development perspective helps adolescents take responsibilities for their own learning by setting and monitoring goals, using positive personal skills, and employing effective strategies. In addition, teacher characteristics including personal teaching efficacy, modelling, caring, and high expectations together with classroom climate and instructional variables to enhance motivation. Motivation is increased when adolescents work in a safe and orderly environment, experience success, understand tasks and the reasons from them, and experience optimal challenge, Instructors can increase adolescents motivation by preparing attractive activities and tasks, involving the adolescents, personalising content, and providing informative feedback. Life is full of different stresses and risks. Neither society nor parents can completely protect children from them, it is the children who themselves have to meet these challenges (Lerner, 2000). However we can prepare them to overcome adversities in life and further more to thrive. By identifying important developmental strengths such as character strengths and life satisfaction by facilitating their development, and by strengthening and maintaining them, we can help youth achieve the healthy, happy, and good lives that they all deserve (Benson, 2006).

The Six Day War Essay -- Military History

The Six Day War Introduction History records the 1967 Arab-Israeli War (Six-Day War) as one of the most memorable on record. Israeli forces delivered a stunning defeat to a coalition of Arab forces that greatly outnumbered the much smaller Israeli force. Victory was made possible by the initial aerial attack launched by Israeli Air Forces. The elements of surprise, stealth, Operational Security (OPSEC), precision planning and flawless execution were essential to victory. The opening aerial offensive has been called â€Å"one of the most stunning successes in modern warfare† . This case study will review the history, preparation, execution, and lessons learned of this conflict. There is much profit for those who will study this war and consider the essential elements that made the impossible- possible. History The United Nations General Assembly voted for the establishment of an Israeli independent state on 29 November 1947. Independence was claimed on May 14th, 1948. Immediately, Arab nations were hostile towards the presence of a Jewish state. No peace was to be enjoyed. Arab legions surrounded Israeli camps and brutally attacked and slaughtered, even civilians. Uneasy relations continued and sporadic wars were to be required in order to preserve the Jewish state. In 1967, tensions were boiling; as another war was on the horizon. While the Jewish state was far out-numbered and surrounded by foes, the Jewish people were inspired to fight for their very survival. President Gamal Abdel Nasser, of Egypt, delivered unsettling, warmongering speeches that only served to further inspire the Israelis to fight with passion. â€Å"The Israelis had a courage and patriotism that made them try harder and more unselfishly† . The... ...ng design, which proved to be a detriment as they could easily be made unusable by a single bomb strike at the intersecting runways . In addition, nations invested in advanced technology, seeking better early warning radar systems. References Tucker, Spencer C., Battles that Changed History: An Encyclopedia of World Conflict, Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, 2011 Weller, Jae, Israeli Armor: Lessons From the Six-Day War, Military Review Vol.51, No.11, Nov 1971 Rabinovich, Abraham, First Strike, The Quarterly Journal of Military History, Vol.2, No.3, Spring 1990 In Search of Peace: Part One 1948-1967. DVD. Moriah Films, 1997 Against All Odds: Six-Day War & Raid on Entebbe. DVD. A&E Television Networks, 1996 Dogfights: No Room for Error. DVD. A&E Television Networks, 2007 Dogfights: The Complete Season One, Volume Four. DVD. A&E Television Networks, 2006

1920s Good Times or Bad Times Essay

For many decades, there were numerous arguments stating whether the â€Å"Roaring 20s† were good times or bad times in Canadian history. Although there were many clear reasons that supported both sides of the argument, I believe that the 1920s were good times. The â€Å"Roaring 20s† were times of economic and social boom. New inventions which are still effective part of our lives in 21st century, growing power of multimedia and entertainment, and modern form of industrial revolution with mass production all originated from 1920s. Moreover, the entrepreneurs and industrializing businesses especially in the central Canada or in the cities were successful. Lastly, stock market was rising gradually until the very late 1920s, until it collapsed. The 1920s were surely the golden era of Canadian history. First of all, great inventions and discoveries were made during 1920s. These fascinating discoveries and inventions had made significant impacts and brought changes in people’s everyday lives. Some of the essential items that we use every day were inventions made in the 1920s, such as vacuums and dishwashers. The three major discoveries and inventions that I believe were the greatest out of all which still are being used today are insulin, private automobiles, and radio. Insulin was the first effective medical treatment towards diabetes. Diabetes was one of the major diseases that had killed many people around the world during 1920s. Proper and effective treatments towards diabetes were needed as soon as possible. In 1921 at University of Toronto’s labratory, Dr. Fredrick Banting with help of his co-leagues and students succeeded isolating insulin which is a hormone from the dog. Banting’s idea was to inject the isolated insulin to the patient’s body since the reason diabetes is being caused is because of the scarcity of the insulin in one’s body. The results of insulin were astonishing! Banting and his colleagues had successfully created new treatment for diabetes. Fredrick Banting was therefore rewarded with highest praise, the Nobel Prize in physiology, and became the first Canadian to ever receive the Nobel Prize in physiology. Insulin is still the best medicine available towards diabetes in modern days. Private automobiles, such as Model T was produced in large quantities by mass production which was caused by modern industrial revolution during 1920s. The method of assembly line made this mass production possible. With private automobiles, distant families could easily connect with each other. Private automobiles had have brought new era of transportation system. In addition, the price of the private automobiles was reasonable. Therefore every average Canadian family had enough money to afford an automobile if they wanted to. The cars, highways, traffic lights, and so on that we see every day had originated from the 1920s. The invention of the radio was fascinating. It allowed people to connect with the world even in remote regions, allowed important messages to be set out to big population in short amount of time, and lastly made the gap between the cities and the countryside smaller. Radio was the tool that allowed people in remote regions, such as farmers to be connected to the world, issues, and so on. It has helped many Canadians to be less isolated and lonely. Radio also marked the beginning of the mass media revolution. It was the radio which influenced televisions, computers, and phones, and so on to be created. All of these great discoveries and inventions I have mentioned were created in 1920s, and they are still very effective part of our lives in modern days. 1920s surely was a very productive decade and was essential towards the development of the World including Canada. The 1920s were the starting point of the Mass Media Revolution. Mass media brought fashion trends, music, games, etc. along with them. Canadians were still in despair and in depression during the 1910s after WWI. Canadians faced high unemployment rates as many soldiers came back from the war, and they were also faced with the sorrow due the loss of the loved ones through the war. It was the mass media and the entertainment which helped Canada to forget about the hard times and to recover. Multimedia such as live broadcasts from new invention â€Å"radio† fascinated the Canadians. They could tune in to different channels in order to listen to many different types of programs. They could hear the music, live broadcast of the hockey game, live entertainment session with the comedian, and so on. The farmers in remote regions in prairies could even hear the live broadcast of the Maple Leaf’s match! Radio therefore has contributed a lot towards the society such as connecting the nation together, sending out information, entertainment, and so on. Secondly, the new fast pace and grooves of the jazz music and new trends of dances were appealing towards the younger generations, and were very popular. These types of music could also have been easily accessed through the multimedia such as radio. Thirdly, the younger generations were also fascinated by the new fashion trends from New York, and other regions in United States. Woman who were extremely in to these fashion trends were called flappers. They have cut their hair short, rolled down their silk stockings, rose the hem- lines, and so on. Flappers believed in the unique characteristics of them and admired the new fashion trends. Lastly, new games such as Mah-Jong from China, and Crossword puzzles from U. S. ere also very popular since they could be easily played by anyone. Without these entertainments and power of multimedia, the variety of multimedia we see everyday perhaps might not have existed. Moreover, these entertainments, and new trends has helped Canada get over the hardships of the post war economy and its effects. Entertainments and multimedia played big role in encouraging the people, which helped the economy to bo om. During the 1920s, the modern industrial revolution began. The idea of mass production was made possible due to the new assembly line system. Industrial revolution affected almost every aspect of people’s lives in 1920s. Private automobiles like model Ts were made on assembly lines at Ford Factories. The stock market of the industries has boomed and reached the highest points. The prices of the stocks during 1920s were considered impossible just a decade before, which proves how high the quality of the economy in Canada would have been during the 1920s. Canada’s economy has increased significantly and great parts of the central Canada had developed gradually in 1920s as well. It was said to be the golden years for the people in the cities, especially to the entrepreneurs and business men. As more money was gained, more money was spent and the development and enhancements were possible. This is how Canada has developed so much in 1920s, despite the depressing years they had faced earlier, which were 1910s due to the World War I. It was true that not everyone was happy during 1920s. Almost every farmer in remote regions has suffered greatly during the 1920s. The grain prices has dropped 50% after the WWI, and the new laws made by the government such as tariffs were only focused towards the workers in the cities, therefore farmers faced economical hardship. However I still believe that the 1920s were golden years to Canada. First of all, the majority of the Canadians were living in major cities, and was involved with the major industrializing economy and services. The farmers in Canada were the minority group. Therefore I believe that it was fair for government to set their focus on majority and support them as much as they could since the majorities were growing with gradual speed. Secondly, the farmers had their golden years during the 1910s, for example, the productivity of the grain industry, fishery, and forestry has grown almost twice in sizes and the prices of these products has also greatly increased during 1910s, or WWI. This decade was also a devastating decade towards the industrial economy due to the WWI. Therefore, I believe that the farmers should be able to accept the fact that it was the other part of the economy’s turn to grow. Lastly, some good came out towards the farmers during 1920s as well. Although farmers were facing hardship, they still appreciated the new inventions, such as radio and private automobiles because they were very helpful. These inventions allowed farmers in remote regions to be connected with the world. All the new forms of entertainments were also appealing to farmers as well, such as Jazz music, talkies which were talking movies, and so on. Therefore I believe that the 1920s weren’t so bad for farmers as well since they have gained a lot during 1910s, and farmers also were influenced positively with the new inventions, trends and entertainments. The â€Å"Roaring 20s† were golden times, especially when compared with the war times during 1910s, and the great depression, â€Å"Dirty Thirties† which the Canadians would soon face. The new fascinating and significant discoveries and inventions, multimedia revolution, new forms of entertainment, and lastly gradual increase in the industrialization economy and services made the 1920s to be successful. Although some visible minorities has faced hardship, it was their sacrifice which made the boom of the economy possible. It was reasonable for the government to support the majority if they had to choose only one group to set their focus in order to develop the country’s economy. I believe that 1920s were a lot more than just a golden era. I believe that 1920s were the cornerstone of the revolutionary development which has helped us reach the society which we currently live in. We should never forget about the efforts and sacrifices that people had contributed for us, and we should also contribute with our best effort to create better society for our future generations.

Billy Graham Essays - Billy Graham, Free Essays, Term Papers

Billy Graham Essays - Billy Graham, Free Essays, Term Papers Billy Graham This is the Hour of Decision with Billy Graham, coming to you from Minneapolis Minnesota Billy Graham, has preached to more than 210 million people through a live audience, more than anyone else in history. Not only that, but Mr. Graham has reached millions more through live televison, video and film. This has led Billy to be on the Ten Most Admired Men in the World from the Gallup Poll since 1955 a total of thirty-nine times. This includes thirty-two consecutive more than any other individual in the world, placing him as the most popular American for about forty years. This essay is going to talk about Graham's personal life, and what kind of family he grew up in and im also going to talk in detail about how he became an evangelist, because I feel it is very important yet interesting. His accomplishments in the fifties are uncomparable, so I will be including a considerable amount of information concerning that topic. Finally I will be talking about his personal achievements, books written, and how he has been a companion to some of the American Presidents. William Franklin Graham Jr. was born in Charlotte, North Carolina on November 17, 1918. Graham was raised on a dairy farm by William Franklin (deceased 1962) and Morrow Coffey Graham (deceased 1981). In 1943 he married his wife Ruth McCue Bell, and had four children Virginia 1945, Anne Morrow 1948, Ruth Bell 1950, William Franklin, Jr. 1952, and Nelson Edman 1958. At age eighty, he keeps fit by swimming, playing with is nineteen grand children, and from aerobic walking, in the mountains of North Carolina, where he currently lives. (Billy Graham Best Sellers, 1999) Billy Graham told Time Magazine in one article about his life before becoming a preacher. I lived on a farm. The only difference was I had to get up early in the morning and go milk cows. When I came back from school that day, I had to milk those same cows. There were about twenty cows I had to milk. By hand. That was before they had those machines. I loved being a farmer. But God called me to this work that I'm in now. I knew it was God calling. I said, Yes. I will follow what God wants me to do. And so I went to two or three schools to get education. Then I became a pastor of a church. Then I went into evangelism. (Graham, 1999) Graham got his first lesson of the worlds way of the mysterious God, while he was a teen working on his father's farm. Graham's father who was a working man had a calling to go out and to become a preacher, but because of the farm, he never got the chance to do so. Instead he tried to live his own passion through his son, Billy Graham. He was raised by two strict Calvinist parents, who showed him that hard work and honesty was the way all people should live in Gods World. Although Graham rejected these views by his parents, he was still influenced spiritually from his upbringing. At age seventeen, Graham was in the position just like many other seventeen years old's he knew. Graham was popular in high school with the girls, played sports such as basketball and baseball, but was lost on what his future would have in store for him. During this time an evangelist named Mordecai Ham came to Charlotte, to have a three-month revival. He never took too much to the idea, because he did not want to be stuck in a long and boring job that would make him sorry he was ever born. When all of Graham's options for summer nights ran out, he decided to go to the revival, and to see what it was all about. All the time keeping in the back of his mind how he grew up in such a religious family, and how his father always wanted him to take up preaching. One night Ham was speaking out against sinners, and Graham felt that he was talking directly to him, although he was considered a good kid. So to escape the direct gaze of Ham, he joined the revival

The Justification for the Victorian Desalination Project

The Justification for the Victorian Desalination Project Introduction In June 2007, the Victorian Government released the State’s next stage water plan that was christened ‘Our water, our future’.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on The Justification for the Victorian Desalination Project specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More One strategy formulated is premised on the need to construct and operate a $3.1 billion desalination plan under a Public Private Partnership (PPP) arrangement1, with Powlett River located at Wonthaggi being identified as the preferred site for the desalination plant. This research aims to evaluate the justification for the project. Economic Justification Employment is an aspect that ensures continuity of any society in a stable way. Economic statistics retrieved from the Australian Bureau of Statistics (2006) indicate that Wonthaggi District has an employment rate of 50.4% and when compared to larger Victorian region, unemployment in this district is estimated to be high2. Employed people on the project will have a secure income that will enable them to meet their social, economic, and environmental needs. Further, the area is going to be a fertile ground for entrepreneurship activities and this will promote self-employment, as more people will venture in trade activities, sustainable agriculture, and real estate development. Therefore, Victorian Desalination Project is perceived to be viable in ensuring economic benefits, and development of the region is realized3. Social Justification Social security is the ultimate goal for sustainability of any given society. It has been noted that Melbourne region and specifically the Wonthaggi area and Bass Coast Shire area have limited social infrastructures. Outlined in its development plan, initiation of the project in the area is likely to result in upgrade of roads in the area ($12 million allocated); water supply is going to improve with proposed â€Å"$5 million pipelin e connecting Wonthaggi, Inverloch and Cape Patterson to the desalination plant â€Å"4.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The project is further going to ensure provision of educational, interpretive facilities recreational and cultural assets. Social justification for the project can therefore base on assumption that, once the project starts operating, there is going to be: increased visitation to community activities and events, greater social interaction, and diversity and increased investment in social and commercial services in the area5. Environmental Justification Safe environments promote health well-being of an area and enable realization of other set goals in social-economic sphere. With the project, it is mandatory that there will be adoption of comprehensive environment policy framework that will enable the region to realize a completely coordinated pre servation and protection of both terrestrial and marine environments of the area. Environmental justification for the project can be attached to the role the project will play in terms of: management of saline concentration; protection of biodiversity and preservation of native vegetation; efficient use of resources and minimizing resource use through recovery maximization and recycling; and protecting air quality. Conclusion Economic, social, and environmental activities in Melbourne have been affected by long periods of drought. Nevertheless, with proposed Victorian Desalination Project, all indication point to an improvement and development of the area. It is recommended that all stakeholders involved in the project should ensure there is thorough economic, social and environmental assessment of the project to ensure negative impacts are minimized and net community benefit of the project are maximized. Bibliography AquaSure. Victorian Desalination Project: Local benefits and init iatives, 2010. Web. Bass Coast. Community Profile: Wonthaggi District. ID Consultancy PTY Ltd, 2007. Web.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on The Justification for the Victorian Desalination Project specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Capital Projects and Department of Treasure and Finance. Victorian Desalination Project: Partnerships Victoria Project Summary, Capital Projects Division, 2009. [Attached notes]. Mitchell, K, et al, Environmental Effects Act 1978: Victorian Desalination Project Environment Effects Statement, Ministry of Planning, 2008. [Attached notes]. Footnotes 1 Capital Projects and Department of Treasure and Finance, Victorian Desalination Project: Partnerships Victoria Project Summary (Capital Projects Division, 2009) p 4. 2 Bass Coast, Community Profile: Wonthaggi District (2007) p.1. 3 K Mitchell, N Wimbush, C Harty, G Lampe and G Sharpley, Environmental Effects Act 1978: Victorian Desalination Projec t Environment Effects Statement, Ministry of Planning, 2008, p 67. 4 AquaSure, Victorian Desalination Project: Local benefits and initiatives (2010) p.1. 5 K Mitchell, N Wimbush, C Harty, G Lampe and G Sharpley, ibid, p 218.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More

Even-Toed Hoofed Mammals - Artiodactyla

Even-Toed Hoofed Mammals - Artiodactyla Even-toed hoofed mammals (Artiodactyla), also known as cloven-hoofed mammals or artiodactyls, are a group  mammals whose feet are structured such that their weight is carried by their third and fourth toes. This distinguishes them from the odd-toed hoofed mammals, whose weight is borne primarily by their third toe alone.  The artiodactyls include animals such as cattle, goats, deer, sheep, antelope, camels, llamas, pigs, hippopotamuses, and many others. There are about 225 species of even-toed hoofed mammals alive today. The Size of Artiodactyls Artiodactyls range in size from the mouse deer (or chevrotains) of Southeast Asia that are barely bigger than a rabbit, to the giant hippopotamus, which weighs some three tons. Giraffes, which are not so heavy as the giant hippopotamus, are indeed large in another way- what they lack in bulk they make up for in height, with some species reaching as much as 18 feet tall. Social Structure Varies Social structure varies among artiodactyls. Some species, such as water deer of Southeast Asia, lead relatively solitary lives and only seek company during mating season. Other species, such as wildebeest, cape buffalo and American bison, form large herds. Widespread Group of Mammals Artiodactyls are a widespread group of mammals. They have colonized every continent except Antarctica (although it should be noted humans introduced artiodactyls to Australia and New Zealand). Artiodactyls live in a variety of habitats including forests, deserts, grasslands, savannas, tundra, and mountains. How  Artiodactyls Adapt The artiodactyls that inhabit open grasslands and savannas have evolved several key adaptations for life in those environments. Such adaptations include long legs (which enable swift running), keen eyesight, a good sense of smell and acute hearing. Together, these adaptations enable them to detect and evade predators with great success. Growing Large Horns or Antlers Many even-toed hoofed mammals grow large horns or antlers. Their horns or antlers are used most often when members of the same species come into conflict. Often, males use their horns when fighting each other to establish dominance during the mating season. Plant-Based Diet Most members of this order are herbivorous (that is, they consume a plant-based diet). Some artiodactyls have three- or four-chambered stomach which enables them to digest cellulose from the plant matter they eat with great efficiency. Pigs and peccaries have an omnivorous diet and this is reflected in the physiology of their stomach which has only one chamber. Classification Even-toed hoofed mammals are classified within the following taxonomic hierarchy: Animals Chordates Vertebrates Tetrapods Amniotes Mammals Even-toed hoofed mammals Even-toed hoofed mammals are divided into the following taxonomic groups: Camels and llamas (Camelidae)Pigs and hogs (Suidae)Peccaries (Tayassuidae)Hippopotamuses (Hippopotamidae)Chevrotains (Tragulidae)Pronghorn (Antilocapridae)Giraffe and okapi (Giraffidae)Deer (Cervidae)Musk deer (Moschidae)Cattle, goats, sheep, and antelope (Bovidae) Evolution The first even-toed hoofed mammals appeared about 54 million years ago, during the early Eocene. They are thought to have evolved from the condylarths, a group of extinct placental mammals that lived during the Cretaceous and Paleocene. The oldest known artiodactyl is Diacodexis, a creature that was about the size of a modern-day mouse deer. The three main groups of even-toed hoofed mammals arose by about 46 million years ago. At that time, even-toed hoofed mammals were by far outnumbered by their cousins the odd-toed hoofed mammals. Even-toed hoofed mammals survived on the fringes, in habitats that offered only hard-to-digest plant foods. That was when even-toed hoofed mammals became well-adapted herbivores and this dietary shift paved the way for their later diversification. About 15 million years ago, during the Miocene, the climate changed and grasslands became the dominant habitat in many regions. Even-toed hoofed mammals, with their complex stomachs, were poised to take advantage of this shift in food availability and soon surpassed the odd-toed hoofed mammals in number and diversity.

A Group Decision-making Technique in the Marketing Project Team Case Study - 25

A Group Decision-making Technique in the Marketing Project Team - Case Study Example More importantly, the project team would have employed a critical analysis technique in decision making. This means that the group members should have lost their individuality and the possible psychological intimacy barriers that would have existed among them and as a result give objective critique to the contributions of each member. Moreover, the project group should have come up with criteria for evaluating the decisions made (Chen and Kyaw-Phyo 37). This is important because it would have enabled the most creative ideas which were in conformity with the needs of the client company to be included in the final decision about the design and presentation of the advertisement. The technique of evaluation in decision making would have also helped the group to select the best idea through a group cohesion approach and equal participation in the evaluation and decision making. As a result, dissimilarity would have been achieved in the implementation of the decision. Collaborative communication would have been employed by the project team to ensure effectiveness and conformity of the marketing idea with the norms and needs of the client company. Active participatory communication should have also been used by the project team (Lee 210). This means that all members of the team should have been given a chance of communicating their idea elaborately and hence leading to the evaluation process. Participatory and collaborative communication should have been used by the group in the evaluation process so that the teamwork process would have cohesively reached the idea that was in conformity with the set criteria and purpose of the project. Because active participation in communication was not used, it was only Conner who had the chance of communicating his idea to the team. Derek was passive in the communication process and as a result, his idea of the advertisement was not presented to the group regardless of the fact that this idea was very congruent with the needs of the client and the image the company wanted to portray to the market.

Analyze the two movies and their themes, compare and contrast the Essay

Analyze the two movies and their themes, compare and contrast the themes and relate it to china and establish the time period and the social and political context through Ebrey - Essay Example In this way, the director depicts how educational reforms in China were taking place. It also highlights the economic disparity that existed between the urban and rural people. Because the film is produced with every day actors, people can better feel, understand and relate to the film since it catered on a few pressing issues of China at that time. This also included a bureaucratic culture. The main motive behind producing this film is to highlight the difficulties faced by the rural people in gaining education. There are many people in China who are forced to leave schools at the hands of poverty and through donations only a few of them get a chance to return back. It also poses criticism to the everyday hurdles that an ordinary Chinese has to face because of the strict bureaucratic culture. There was a deep meaning behind the production of this movie. As soon as China entered into the 1990s, more emphasis was placed on the basic and primary education for children. Many people in China (approximately 160 million) could not acquire proper primary education because of the Cultural Revolution occurring from 1960s-1970s. After that, education was made mandatory for a period of nine years on all the citizens of China. In 1966, the Cultural Revolution actually started. It was started when many bourgeois elements started entering China with the intention of restoring capitalism. In order to stop this from happening, the Cultural Revolution came into action. This documentary thus has a historical context and explains to its viewers the importance of easy and fair education for all Chinese as they have already struggled a lot during the Cultural Revolution. The Cultural Revolution was believed to be ended by 1969. One of the major problems that faced China was that a majority of rural school children left school only because they wanted to start working. Dealing with the huge distinction between the quality and education levels of

What I have learned from men Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

What I have learned from men - Research Paper Example In my opinion, most of her arguments are valid however she overlooks certain facts by making false generalizations. The article deserves a lot of credits since it offers a clear explanation to the topic. The writer has used both a sarcastic and a serious tone to drive her message home. It is a dependable source of information for the topic since it gives credit where it is due. The author does not favor any gender and she criticizes both men and women characters. Although her main aim is to explain the fact that women should change their characters, she does not appreciate a woman’s natural character. As a woman writer, it is expected that she would defend women but instead she criticizes them. This criticism allows the reader to explore her views more closely and to clarify her views. Ehrenreich does not agree with the fact that women are the way they are because they were created that way. She considers that as a fallacy and takes firms stands to her arguments. I accord with most of her arguments, but she seems to get the fact of diversity wrong. Men and women are naturally different and very diverse in their character. However, she does not seem to give value to diversity, and her believe is that women are the way they are because they haven’t tried changing. Ehrenreich is very bitter about the expectation of the society that women should always act in a soft manner. She reiterates that it is not the job of a woman to be polite. The writer seems to have little discernment for politeness, and all her emphasis is on women and men equality. She considers that if women get to be harsh like men, gender equality will be achieved and gender-based exploitation will be history. She strongly criticizes the normality of women being soft in conversations. She does not see the reason why women should act ‘good’ by being soft and yet they it has little or no benefit

Analysis of British Petroleum's management of the 2010 Gulf of Essay

Analysis of British Petroleum's management of the 2010 Gulf of Mexico's oil spill - Essay Example There was also a huge fouling of beaches in Florida, Louisiana, Mississippi and Alabama which meant that the leisure activities of many people had to be put to a halt not to mention the many beach hotels that suffered huge losses due to lack of customers (Eilperin, & Mufson, 2010; Tangley, 2010). The spill resulted into hundreds of law suits that were filed. A special investigative panel consisting of officials from the coast guard office as well as the department of Interior was constituted by President Obama to look into the issues that surround the oil spill. BP began an assessment of the resource damage as soon as they managed to control the spillage. The losses incurred by the company are huge since at least 185,000,000 gallons (which comes to around 4.4 million barrels) of oil was lost. The clean up process might have succeeded to remove the spilt oil but the ramifications on the environment are probably going to last for decades to come (Jervis, & Levin, 2010; Jervis, 2010) Th ere are many questions concerning the resource damage that might not be fully answered any time soon. The extensive media coverage during the duration of the spill raised important questions that unfortunately did not have very comprehensive answers. For instance: the delay in response to the emergency, the companies that are to blame and most importantly and if the environment could survive such a disaster. Who is to blame? Before the OPA 90 was passed, it was not very clear who amongst the federal state, private players and the other local officials was directly responsible in the event of an oil spill of the magnitude of the BP Mexican gulf spill. The current legislation now demands that federal government should step in immediately when such a disaster strikes. The responsibility on the government according to the OPA 90 covers spills on the land as well as coastal spills. Offshore incidents like the recent BP Gulf of Mexico spill lie well in these boundaries. In the same breath e; the OPA 90 also includes the coast guard as a party that should be in charge of evacuations and control of the spillage. The biggest challenge of this is that the coast guard may not have access to the kind of equipment and personnel that it requires to handle such spills. However, legislation gives the coast guard the authority to acquire the equipment from private companies. BP was consistently present during the control of the spill and though it was largely in charge of the process, it was also assisted by personnel and equipment that the coast guard had acquired. There was some tension between the government and BP originally. This tension was addressed by the reports made by the president’s commission. Ideally, the responsible party is both the partner and the adversary since they are in charge of containing the spill and they are also required to take responsibility for all damages. It is a relationship that often confuses the general public but it is something that was established in the OPA 90 (Schwartz, 2010). Oil spill management is usually based on the National Contingency plan. The National Contingency plan identifies the national, regional as well as the local infrastructures. It integrates the different agencies that might be involved in the event of a spill. The National Contingency plan usually comes up with an initial disaster response team both nationally and regionally. It coordinates the efforts by setting up an on-site coordinator as well as a centralised command

IRAC Brief Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

IRAC Brief - Essay Example As the employer of the victims, was Mariano Prime LLC dba MD Wholesale cognizant of the harassment that took place and was it required to put an end to this type of behavior? Rule: Harassment can include undesirable sexual advances, solicitation for sexual favors as well as verbal or physical harassment that are sexually attuned. A client, employee or a customer of either male or female gender can experience sexual harassment. Analysis: The EEOC, upon conducting its investigation, filed a lawsuit with the U.S. District Court for Guam District in September 2011 (EEOC v. Mariano Prime LLC dba MD Wholesale, Case No. 11-00029). This came after futile attempt to settle the case through conciliation process. During the EEOC’s investigation, it established reasonable evidence suggesting that MD Wholesale facility breached Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 ("Marianas Variety",  2013). The case has also made apparent that there was no training whatsoever on sexual harassment, sexual assault, or reporting procedures. We can further assume that from management throughout subordinate levels, were totally oblivious of the consequences due to violations of a persons civil rights. Conclusion: MD Wholesale made a settlement with EEOC in the amount of $77,500 for the victims and accepted to change its policy and procedures for dealing with grievance on workplace sexual harassment. In addition, MD Wholesale is also required to retain an EEOC as a way of ensuring that their staffs are educated about their rights in light of workplace discrimination, harassment as well as retribution. Further, the company is expected to implement training program for its management to ensure compliance with future complaints. MD Wholesale agreed to offer extra training for its management and human resources personnel in order to ensure that they are capable of dealing effectively with future EEO grievances. Apart from monetary compensation to

Sale of Goods Act 1979 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Sale of Goods Act 1979 - Essay Example Section 13(1A) of This Act provides as regards England and Wales, the term implied by subsection (1) above is a condition. Under Section 13 of the Act there is an implied condition in a contract of sale, upon the supplier of a service in a contract that the goods will correspond with the description, which will apply to any sale where the purchaser does not see the goods before he buys them & when acting in the course of a business that he will carry out the service with reasonable contractual period. Even if the purchaser has seen the goods, there may be a sale by description if he has relied upon the description. In this question it need to discuss While 'description' itself is an ordinary English word, the Sale of Goods Act 1979 contains no definition of what it means when it speaks (in Section 13) of a contract for the sale of goods being a sale 'by description'. And then it needs to discuss that a contract is from between parties when the seller was agreeing to sell and the buyer agreeing to buy. Now it need to discuss about condition, sale 'by description', current possession, and misrepresentation. First, one has to decide what is the meaning of sale by description. In the case of Varley v Whipp1 it has been held that this phrase must apply to all cases where the purchaser has not seen the goods but is relying on the description alone. Therefore, a sale must be by description if it is of future, or unascertained goods. But in addition, the term applies in many cases even where the buyer has seen the goods. Not only the term "sale by description" includes goods of a generic kind, for example, a packet of brand X cigarettes but also specific goods when they are sold as a thing corresponding to description. In the case of Beale v Taylor2 the subject matter of the contract was described as a 1961 Triumph Herald Convertible and the plaintiff saw the car and bought it. In fact, it turned out to be two different cars joined together. It was held that the car did not comply with the description. In Grant v Australian Knitting Mills [1936] the sale of woolen underwear was held to be a sale by description even though the buyer was buying something displayed before him on the counter. But a sale is not a "sale by description" where the buyer makes it clear that he is buying a particular thing because of its unique qualities, and that no other will do, or where there is absolutely no reliance by the buyer on the description (Harlingdon Ltd v Christopher Hull Fine Art Ltd3). In other words it appears that the only case of a sale not being by description occurs where the buyer makes it clear that he is buying a particular thing because of its unique qualities and that no other will do. For this reason, the sale of manufactured item will nearly always be a sale by description (except where it is second hand) because articles made to an identical design are not generally bought as unique goods but as goods corresponding to that design. In the Harlingdon case, the buyer was a professional art dealer who knew the seller had no experience or knowledge of the type of painting being said. There was accordingly no breach of s. 13 when the painting turned out to be a forgery. The buyer had placed no reliance on the seller's description. These cases suggest that the real question at issue in deciding whether the sale should be classified as a

Analysis of British Petroleum's management of the 2010 Gulf of Essay

Analysis of British Petroleum's management of the 2010 Gulf of Mexico's oil spill - Essay Example There was also a huge fouling of beaches in Florida, Louisiana, Mississippi and Alabama which meant that the leisure activities of many people had to be put to a halt not to mention the many beach hotels that suffered huge losses due to lack of customers (Eilperin, & Mufson, 2010; Tangley, 2010). The spill resulted into hundreds of law suits that were filed. A special investigative panel consisting of officials from the coast guard office as well as the department of Interior was constituted by President Obama to look into the issues that surround the oil spill. BP began an assessment of the resource damage as soon as they managed to control the spillage. The losses incurred by the company are huge since at least 185,000,000 gallons (which comes to around 4.4 million barrels) of oil was lost. The clean up process might have succeeded to remove the spilt oil but the ramifications on the environment are probably going to last for decades to come (Jervis, & Levin, 2010; Jervis, 2010) Th ere are many questions concerning the resource damage that might not be fully answered any time soon. The extensive media coverage during the duration of the spill raised important questions that unfortunately did not have very comprehensive answers. For instance: the delay in response to the emergency, the companies that are to blame and most importantly and if the environment could survive such a disaster. Who is to blame? Before the OPA 90 was passed, it was not very clear who amongst the federal state, private players and the other local officials was directly responsible in the event of an oil spill of the magnitude of the BP Mexican gulf spill. The current legislation now demands that federal government should step in immediately when such a disaster strikes. The responsibility on the government according to the OPA 90 covers spills on the land as well as coastal spills. Offshore incidents like the recent BP Gulf of Mexico spill lie well in these boundaries. In the same breath e; the OPA 90 also includes the coast guard as a party that should be in charge of evacuations and control of the spillage. The biggest challenge of this is that the coast guard may not have access to the kind of equipment and personnel that it requires to handle such spills. However, legislation gives the coast guard the authority to acquire the equipment from private companies. BP was consistently present during the control of the spill and though it was largely in charge of the process, it was also assisted by personnel and equipment that the coast guard had acquired. There was some tension between the government and BP originally. This tension was addressed by the reports made by the president’s commission. Ideally, the responsible party is both the partner and the adversary since they are in charge of containing the spill and they are also required to take responsibility for all damages. It is a relationship that often confuses the general public but it is something that was established in the OPA 90 (Schwartz, 2010). Oil spill management is usually based on the National Contingency plan. The National Contingency plan identifies the national, regional as well as the local infrastructures. It integrates the different agencies that might be involved in the event of a spill. The National Contingency plan usually comes up with an initial disaster response team both nationally and regionally. It coordinates the efforts by setting up an on-site coordinator as well as a centralised command

Sale of Goods Act 1979 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Sale of Goods Act 1979 - Essay Example Section 13(1A) of This Act provides as regards England and Wales, the term implied by subsection (1) above is a condition. Under Section 13 of the Act there is an implied condition in a contract of sale, upon the supplier of a service in a contract that the goods will correspond with the description, which will apply to any sale where the purchaser does not see the goods before he buys them & when acting in the course of a business that he will carry out the service with reasonable contractual period. Even if the purchaser has seen the goods, there may be a sale by description if he has relied upon the description. In this question it need to discuss While 'description' itself is an ordinary English word, the Sale of Goods Act 1979 contains no definition of what it means when it speaks (in Section 13) of a contract for the sale of goods being a sale 'by description'. And then it needs to discuss that a contract is from between parties when the seller was agreeing to sell and the buyer agreeing to buy. Now it need to discuss about condition, sale 'by description', current possession, and misrepresentation. First, one has to decide what is the meaning of sale by description. In the case of Varley v Whipp1 it has been held that this phrase must apply to all cases where the purchaser has not seen the goods but is relying on the description alone. Therefore, a sale must be by description if it is of future, or unascertained goods. But in addition, the term applies in many cases even where the buyer has seen the goods. Not only the term "sale by description" includes goods of a generic kind, for example, a packet of brand X cigarettes but also specific goods when they are sold as a thing corresponding to description. In the case of Beale v Taylor2 the subject matter of the contract was described as a 1961 Triumph Herald Convertible and the plaintiff saw the car and bought it. In fact, it turned out to be two different cars joined together. It was held that the car did not comply with the description. In Grant v Australian Knitting Mills [1936] the sale of woolen underwear was held to be a sale by description even though the buyer was buying something displayed before him on the counter. But a sale is not a "sale by description" where the buyer makes it clear that he is buying a particular thing because of its unique qualities, and that no other will do, or where there is absolutely no reliance by the buyer on the description (Harlingdon Ltd v Christopher Hull Fine Art Ltd3). In other words it appears that the only case of a sale not being by description occurs where the buyer makes it clear that he is buying a particular thing because of its unique qualities and that no other will do. For this reason, the sale of manufactured item will nearly always be a sale by description (except where it is second hand) because articles made to an identical design are not generally bought as unique goods but as goods corresponding to that design. In the Harlingdon case, the buyer was a professional art dealer who knew the seller had no experience or knowledge of the type of painting being said. There was accordingly no breach of s. 13 when the painting turned out to be a forgery. The buyer had placed no reliance on the seller's description. These cases suggest that the real question at issue in deciding whether the sale should be classified as a

I predict that as the force increases Essay Example for Free

I predict that as the force increases Essay Newtons second Law of motion: Force = Mass x Acceleration (N) (kg) m/s (variable) (measurement) In simple terms, this means that if the force is to increase then the acceleration must also increase because the mass multiplied by the acceleration must equal the force. The equation, like many others can be re-arranged in order to show a possible prediction for the value in m/s that the acceleration will be the subject of the equation. Acceleration = Force (Mass / 0. 400kg) Mass Weight is a force. Weight is quite oftenly confused with mass, however each one differs to the other. Mass is measured in kilograms (kg). The weight of an object only concerns the amount of matter an object is made up of. In contrast to the mass of an object, the weight of an object regards how much it is being pulled down to the centre of the earth through gravity. Weight is a force and is measured in Newtons (N). Diagram of apparatus: The experiment that was carried out occurs when a slider is pulled through two light gates via a weighted pulley upon a soft bed of air to minimalise friction powered by a vacuum connected to the air track. When the rider breaks the beam produced from Light gate 1, a recording is began by a computer linked up to both light gates. Once the rider cuts through the second light gate, then the timer on the computer steps automatically as the light gates can relay a signal to the computer. A computer is used rather than the naked eye because the computer can be precise to 2 decimal places (d. p). Once the slide has passed through both light gates, it is moved around both light gates and the experiment is repeated. The variable for this investigation is force, that is controlled through the weights used n the pulley. The weights are changed at five separate times, at each time a different weight is used. My variables are as follows: 0.02 N , 0. 03 N , 0. 07 N , 0. 08 N , 0. 12 N ( N = Newtons) The values I chose are all the smallest possible values that I am able to create. In relation to safety, there are no specific safety issues that come to into play during this particular investigation, however behavior around the apparatus and the laboratory is always considered a safety issue. The factors that are necessary to maintain as constants throughout the experiment in order to keep a high degree of accuracy are: Â  Straight light gates (equidistant 40cm apart) Â  Same starting point of the rider ( 5cm before the initial light gate). Mass of the rider (0. 400kg) The light gates are required to be equidistant (40cm apart) and level in order to keep the test so accurate readings can be recorded. The mass of the rider must also be mentained at exactly 0. 400 kg because a slight chance in the weight will cause a change in the acceleration of the rider can result in widespread and inconsistent results. It is also important to mention the starting point of the rider that must remain constant in order for the rider to pass through each light gate at the same speed during each repeat reading recorded. In addition to these points of accuracy, there are others, which have sufficient relevance to the experiment. The level at which the air track is must be kept horizontal so that the rider has neither too longer, or too shorter acceleration value that is recorded due to the slider being against or along the gradient of the air track. This can be simply modified by adjusting the track then leaving the rider without a weight and switch on the air track, if the rider remains stationary then the air track is horizontal. The experiment will be measured on 3 occasions for each variable, these repeat readings will be averaged out into a single figure to gain an accurate set of results. To prepare for the investigation, a preliminary test was carried out in order to discover which mass of the rider produced the most accurate results. To do this, the lightest mass of the rider was used with the lightest and heaviest weights (0. 020N lightest) and (0. 170N heaviest). The masses of the rider were the largest possible (0. 400 kg) and the smallest possible ( 0. 200kg). The results showed me that the lighter the mass of the rider, the wider the range of results that I recorded. In contrast, the heavier the mass of the rider was, the more reliable my results were because they provided the smallest range. This meant that I chose the heaviest possible weight of the rider possible, which was 0. 400kg. Skill area O (Obtaining The Results): FORCE (N) MASS (KG) Acceleration ( m / s ) Test 1 Test 2 Test 3 Average 0. 02 0. 400 0. 05 0. 04 0. 05 0. 05 0. 03 0. 400 0. 07 0. 08 0. 07 0. 07 0. 07 0. 400 0. 18 0. 18 0. 17 0. 18 0. 08 0. 400 0. 19 0. 19 0. 21 0. 20 0. 12 0. 400 0. 31 0. 31 0. 310. 31 Skill area E : Evaluation: My results throughout my investigation, were very accurate. The spread of my repeat readings were very small, each reading for each strength of force were close together shown a high level of accuracy throughout the investigation. All my average points that I recorded are close to the best-fit line that I have drawn, which suggests that all my results have been accurately recorded and displayed in my analysis and obtaining evidence sections. The procedures to which I applied my investigation were suitable because I was able to produce an accurate set of results with relative ease. In my opinion, my evidence can support a sufficient conclusion that as that the force upon on object is directly proportional to its acceleration produced. My results were tested over a reasonable range and are considered accurate as they fit in with my initial theory and also they fit in with my initial predictions that I was able to produce. I was able to produce these predictions by re-arranging Newtons second law to show me what the acceleration of an object can b equal to in terms of its force and mass. (Old equation) Force = Mass x Acceleration (N) (kg) m/s (variable) (measurement) (New, Re-arranged equation) Acceleration = Force (mass / 0. 400kg) Mass I have a range of values for my force, I inputted each one of these values to gain predicted results. (When force = 0. 02) : 0. 02 = 0. 05 (Actual average = 0. 05) 0. 400 (When force = 0. 03) : 0. 03 = 0. 075 (Actual average = 0. 07) 0. 400 (When force = 0. 07) : 0. 07 = 0. 175 (Actual average = 0. 08) 0. 400 (When force = 0. 08) : 0. 08 = 0. 20 (Actual average = 0. 20) 0. 400 (When force = 0. 12) : 0. 12 = 0. 30 (Actual average = 0. 31) 0. 400 As the above figures display clearly, my results are all highly accurate and sufficiently support my prediction and theory. All that remains is to discuss how I can extend my investigation. The obvious point that springs to mind is to gather further results to obtain an exceptionally high level of accuracy. However, I can also look to change my variable from the force to the mass of the rider. I can do this by investigating the relationship between the mass and force on a rider to give me additional information. I can carry out these tests in the same manner as I have discussed for this particular investigation, but changing the variables used. I will use a range of variables that will aid me complete my investigation reaching sufficient conclusions.

The History Of The Heavyweight Methodologies

The History Of The Heavyweight Methodologies INTRODUCTION Software has become an essential part of human life both at professional and personal end. The development of software has become a chaotic business and is normally cited as the code and fix. In the initial days the software programs were written without much of plan, design and without long term site. This however was fine for the small systems. With the advancement of technology several changes were made and it became difficult to incorporate these changes and it was hard to fix the bugs. This was the result of improper planning. This has led the roots to another alternative, Methodology. This emphasized on the disciplined process of software development to make the whole software development process smooth and predictable. Traditional methods were heavily dependent on documentation, design, work plan and structure making it the way to call it the heavy method. However, this seemed increasingly lengthy and frustrating for few developers who were looking for rapid change. This has resulted in consultants preparing methodologies independently. These methods are known as agile methods. Agile methodology is getting extensive popularity in the industry. This is a mix of accepted and controversial practices. It is the features of the projects such as scope, requirement, resource and size that determine the appropriate methodology that should be used. Thought practicing professionals still emphasise on the importance and usage of heavy methods, the empirical studies are emphasizing on the Agile methods. Heavyweight methodologies Heavyweight methodologies are considered the traditional way of software development. These are based on step by step evolution approach. Several steps in this process include, defining requirement, solution formation, testing and development. In this process it is also mandate to prepare a document that has a set of requirement at the beginning of the project. Waterfall approach: This emphasizes on structured approach. Each stage in this process has a set of actions. These activities much be fulfilled before progressing to the next stage. Each phase is named differently. The first phase determines what the system will be, the second phase determines how the system will be developed. It is in the third stage that the actual coding and designing is started. The developed system is tested in the fourth stage. In the fifth and final stage appropriate training and documentation are provided. In terms of engineering, the term waterfall is used to denote a subsequent or sequential development. Waterfall Model Life Cycle Unified Process (UP) Each activity comprising modelling is divided into workflows in the UP process. This process takes place in an repetitive and incremental manner. In this method the whole process is divided into four phases. The below diagram depicts the stages of this process: Inception At the end of this process the feasibility of the project is determined. The scope of the design is set and a business plan is prepared. Elaboration In this phase, a basic design is made and a plan of structure or construction is made. A risk analysis is also done at this stage. The major risks determined should also be addressed. Construction In the construction phase the system of beta-version is prepared. A well developed system good enough for the preliminary test should also be available in this stage. Transition This is the final stage. In this stage the system is commenced to the stakeholders and end users. The process is considered complete if the stakeholders agree that the objectives mentioned in the inception phase are met. As part of UP there are approximately 50 work items that should be completed. This rigid approach and heavy documentation add a lot of the complexity to the UP. Also, the roles in this process are predefined making it less flexible. Spiral Model This is another heavy model which merges both design and prototype stages trying to combine the benefits of top-down and bottom-up benefits. The four phases in the development model are as follows: Objective setting- In this phase objectives of the project phase are identified. Risk assessment and limitations In this phase key risks are identified and analysed. Information about reducing these risks is also collected in this phase. Development and validation A suitable model is selected for the next phase. Planning The project is reviewed and plans for the next round of spiral are made in this phase. Characteristics of Heavyweight methodologies Heavyweight methodology is known for a long time. This is a very disciplined approach in the software development. Few characteristics of heavyweight methodologies are as follows: Predictive approach: This methodology plans most part of its software development for a longer time. A great emphasis is given to drawing focusing on the needs and measure to answer these needs. Drawings determine how to build the system and act as the basis for the construction process. This also predicts time table and budget for building or constructing the software. Inclusive Documentation: Traditional software development considers the requirements documentation as a key element of documentation. It collects all the customer and stake holder requirements before writing code. Process orientation: The purpose of this method is to allocate or define a process of work that suits the one using it. A process may contain few processes just a manager or a tester can perform. For every task in this method there is a procedure. Agile modelling Agile process concentrates on adding lightness to its processes leading to high quality of software and customer satisfaction. Few of the agile models are as follows Extreme Programming (XP): This has evaluated out of problems raised from traditional systems. This process is known for short cycles of development, incremental planning and continuous feedback, communication leading to evolutionary designing. This methods life cycle is divided into 6 phases i.e. Exploration, Planning, Iterations to release, Production, Maintenance and Death. During the Exploration stage, the client creates story boards about his needs. This is followed by the planning phase in which the story boards are prioritised and a first release schedule is prepared. In the Iteration to Release stage it is the responsibility of development team to create the whole system by continuously testing and integrating the code. In the Production Phase additional testing and performance checks are done. Developments and suggestions detected in this stage are documented for later implementation. Based on this updated releases are made in Maintenance Phase. The final stage is the Death Phase is reached when customer has no more stories to be implemented and the final documentation is prepared. Scrum: Scrum is a repetitive and incremental process of product development. Scrums main focus is on how members should work in order to generate flexibility in a continuously varying environment. At the end of each iteration it makes a set of potential features. In this method it is not compulsory to use any specific software development methods. Key practices in this method are : Product Backlog, Sprints, Sprint Planning, meeting, Sprint Backlog and Daily Scrum. Dynamic System Development method: This is a mixture, and extension for rapid application development and iterative development practices. The basic notion behind this method is to give more importance to time and resources before the functionality of a system. In this method a high emphasis is given to quality. This method has five stages : Feasibility Study: A decision is made about usage of DSDM. This decision is based on project type, organization requirement and people. This stage has two outcomes, 1) feasibility report ii) A prototype plan Business Study: A business study to understand the business aspect of the project. This forms the base for prototype. Functional Model Iteration: This phase includes analysis, coding and prototypes. The output of this stage is a prototype code and analysis models. Design and build iteration: Main system is built in this stage. The prototypes are reviewed and developments are made based on user comments. Implementation: This is the final stage where the project is handed over to the user. Appropriate training is also provided. Characteristics of agile methodologies People oriented: All the stakeholders. i.e. customers, developers, users and end users are very important in this methodology. Adaptive: This methodology is preferred by those who are open to change and are flexible. Balancing Flexibility and Planning: Though planning is important, a trial and error method is followed in this approach as it is hard to predict the right things in the initial stage of software development. Simplified process and small groups: A simple process of concentrating on the present rather than the future is the motto of Agile process. It also maintains small teams and any communication is provided to the whole team. Comparison Traditional heavy methodology for software development is prevailing successfully for a long time now. However, it has several disadvantages such as inflexibility and high time consuming etc. Taking these drawbacks in to account a new system was developed which is Agile. Both the methodologies i.e. (agile and heavy weight) have their advantages and disadvantages. People usually use one of these methods based on the feasibility. A Summary of difference in agile and heavyweight is shown in the following table. There are important factors influencing the decision and selection methodology, which is suitable for different conditions. These factors can be divided into the size of the project, people and risk Project size: One of the major limitations in this process is size of the project. The important elements in this process are budget, time span of the project and team organization. A huge project needs huge team and huge budget. This in turn requires better co-ordination and better communication. Heavy methodology provides this by a thorough planning, design and documentation. However, this is not possible in case of Agile process. According to Alistair A light process needs few people in contrary to the heavy method where more people are required. A major limitation of agile methods is the size of the project. Main elements of the same are budget, duration of projects and organization of the project team. The larger unit or a larger budget, you need the larger project. Thus, requires a compilation of more demands, requirements of more people and better coordination. Heavyweight support this methodology by providing planning, documentation and processes for better communication and coordination in large groups. Fewer people are needed if the methodology used is lighter. However, more people will be needed if the heavier methodology (Alistair Cockburn, 2003). The larger group also has its impact on communication in the design and performance. The methodology is a matter of coordination and management of human communication. This implies that the level of methodology must be increased if the numbers of people increase. This makes it even more difficult to use agile methods with large groups. However, Ken Schwaber (one of the deve lopers of SCRUM) argues that large groups can be broken down into small teams using the dimensions of the scrums. Project duration is another factor in the choice of methodology. Heavyweight methodology needs a lot of extra time for output such as documentation, design documentation, writing, analysis etc. Therefore, it can be concluded that when time is short agile development methodologies would be the best option. People Factor: The Agile methodology gives very much importance to stakeholders i.e. it concentrates on peoples factor. This methodology makes sure that experienced people and skilled people are part of the process. Experts who are part of the team provide continuous feedback about the effects that the use may face in selecting the project. As part of this process the customer also gets a right to check progress and change the direction of development at any stage or iteration. This is one of the main features that make the agile process more attractive than the heavy process. Organizational culture is another important factor while choosing the methodology. If any organization is not open to change and is inflexible, An agile process cant be used there. Risk Factor: An important risk factor in the software development is how it responds to change. Agile methods can be used in case of applications that should be built quickly and dont have any quality hurdles. If the project is critical and requires several quality layers then the traditional system is appropriate. Improper definition may lead to several defects. Agile methodologies help in developing short term projects and give importance to customer reviews. Conclusion I would like to end it by saying that heavy methodology consisted of severe methods of comprehensive planning, design documentation.. Heavy thoughts that accompany them will be taken over by the agile movement not in the distant future. The need for Heavyweight approaches still prevails in large, long-lived projects that have specific security, reliability and security requirements. However, business needs to respond quickly to the environment in innovative, cost-effective and efficient manner is increasing the need to use agile methods of software development.

Role of Parents in Morrisons Recitatif and OConnors The Artificial N

Role of Parents in Morrison's Recitatif and O'Connor's The Artificial Nigger      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Parental figures in Toni Morrison's "Recitatif" and Flannery O'Connor's "The Artificial Nigger" use indoctrination in an attempt to uphold tradition and reinforce racial boundaries. While one adult influence fulfills the mission entirely, the other must settle for inconstant, recurrent success and ultimate failure.    In "Recitatif" and "The Artificial Nigger" a mother and a grandfather, respectively, with too much responsibility seek to alter the lives of two children for the worst. Roberta Fisk and Nelson Head receive introductions to the concept of racism from people with a great deal of control over their lives. Morrison's piece illustrates the part of racism involving feelings of contempt. When Roberta introduces her mother to her roommate Twyla and Twyla's mother, "Roberta's mother [looks] down at [Twyla] and then [looks] down at Mary too. She [doesn't] say anything, just [grabs] Roberta with her Bible-free hand and [steps] out of line, walking quickly to the rear of it" (213). Through her rudeness, Roberta's mother essentially tells her that people like Twyla and Mary lack value and stand beneath them. The idea of superior feelings stems from Morrison pointing out the fact that Roberta's mother looks down at Twyla and Mary after previously acknowledging her significant height. I n a more blatant manner, Mr. Head takes Nelson to the city of Atlanta with the primary intention of turning him against black people. To prepare Nelson for " the moral mission of the coming day" (250), Mr. Head tells Nelson that "[he] may not like [the city] a bit" because "it'll be full of niggers" (252). While Nelson apparently r... ...ules by which a child lives. In a sense, Roberta's mother and Mr. Head refuse to learn from the mistakes of the past and plan for history to flawlessly reoccur. Nelson Head completely surrenders to his grandfather's ignorance because he knows no one and nothing except him and what he has with him. On the other hand, Roberta Fisk resists the majority of her mother's influence because her mother lacks reliability. Unfortunately, Roberta loses almost as much as Nelson does; she goes through the rest of her life confused about what she believes.    Works Cited Morrison, Toni, "Recitatif." African American Literature: A Brief Introduction and Anthology. Ed. Al Young. New York: Harper Collins, 1996. 209-25. O'Connor, Flannery, "The Artificial Nigger." The Complete Stories of Flannery O'Connor. New York: Farrar, Strauss and Giroux, 1971. 249-70.

Medicinal Value of Yoga Essay -- Health Medicine Exercise

Medicinal Value of Yoga What most Westerners picture when you say Yoga, is an Indian guru in cloth shorts or a long flowing robe, twisted up in a some sort of a pretzel pose. You may picture the Yoga practitioner in peak physical shape, as well as, being a very peaceful human being. It is attaining this goal that is the aim of Yoga, but what most of people don't realize, is exactly how much goes into achieving this state. Yoga time honored teaching on how to achieve physical health, psychological well being and spiritual peace. This can be achieved by concentrating for hours in a state of complete focus, know as meditation. While mediating, the practitioner assumes various body positions known as asanas, that allows for maximum circulation of the body. By quieting the mind and placing attention on the breath and on the movement (and stillness) of the body the idea is to achieve a state of mind where he experiences total health and feeling of well being. The word Yoga as a term, literally means "union", the aim of Yoga is to integrate and harmonize all the various human faculties--mind, emotions, body, and spirit. In India, where it originated, this process of harmonization takes many forms: the yoga of devotion, of meditation, or selfless service, of knowledge and study. Although are advantages and disadvantage to all types of Yoga the scientific community maintains a belief through many years of study that Yoga has definite medicinal value in the maintenance of health and treatment of disease Overall benefits of Yoga The practice of Yoga encompasses many different forms--e.g. Karma, Bhakti, Jnana, Raja, Hatha, Kundalini and Tantra). As Sri Krishna Prem so eloquently stated, Yoga is not a synthesis of a... .../item,45098.asp 7. B. K.S. lyengar, "The Tree of Yoga" 8. http://www.holistic-online.com/Yoga/hol_yoga_pos_intro.htm#Introduction 9. Sahay, Sadasivudu, Yogi, Bhaskaracharyulu, Raju, Madhavi, Reddy, Annapurna, & Murthy, 1982 10. http://www.healingyoga.com/ 11. Monroe, R., A.K. Ghosh, and D. Kalish. 1989. Scientific Studies on Yoga and Meditation, Yoga Biomedical Trust, Cambridge, England. 12. Schell, Allolio, and Schonecke (1994) Scientific Studies on Yoga and Meditation, Yoga Biomedical Trust, Cambridge, England. 13. Wood, 1993, Scientific Studies on Yoga and Meditation Biomedical Trust in Cambridge, England, Yoga Biomedical Trust, Cambridge, England. 14. http://www.chennaiwebsites.com/html/yoga/ 15. Monroe, R., A.K. Ghosh, and D. Kalish. 1989. Yoga Research Bibliography, Scientific Studies on Yoga and Meditation. Yoga Biomedical Trust, Cambridge, England.

Web Conferencing Programs

Corporate Memos Dawn Cramer Technical Writing Fundamentals January 14, 2013 Nancy Delain MEMORANDUM Date: January 14, 2013 To: Manager From: Dawn Cramer Subject: Web Conferencing Programs Earlier you asked me to research web conferencing programs in order to hold weekly status meetings. I have found several programs that will work but based on my findings I believe that the best choice would be Infinite Conferencing. The following points summarizes why I chose this program. 1. The number of participants that can be accommodated is 1,000.The ability to transfer files and record the meetings. No required installation to take up memory as well as specific application control and user authentication. 2. The cost is very low and there is remote and IT support as well as Email and instant chat support. There are two types of manuals available either an online manual or a PDF manual. | Infinite Conferencing| InterCall| ClickMeeting| Ready Talk| Adobe Connect Pro| Monthly Price| $35. 00| $42 . 00| $10. 00| $49. 00| $55. 00| No Required Installation | yes| no| yes| yes| Yes| 128-Bit AES Encryption| yes| yes| no| yes| yes|Maximum Web Attendees | 1000| 125| 1000| 25| 50| File Transfer| yes| yes| yes| yes| Yes| Record Meetings| yes| yes| yes| yes| yes| Support| yes| yes| yes| yes| yes| Online/PDF Manuals | yes| yes| yes| yes| yes| The reason that I did not choose InterCall is because the maximum web attendee is only 125 and they require an installation. Another reason I did not chose this program is because the cost is higher. The reason I did not choose ClickMeeting is because there is no encryption to protect company information even though the cost is much lower.The reason I did not choose Ready Talk is because the maximum web attendee is only 25 people and the cost is even higher. These are the same reasons that I did not choose Adobe Connect Pro even with the maximum web attendee at 50 people. References: Infinite. (n. d. ). Retrieved from http://www. infiniteconferenc ing. com/services/web_conferencing. php Find the Best. (2013). Retrieved from http://web-conferencing. findthebest. com/ Tech Media network. (2013). Top Ten Reviews. Retrieved from http://web-conferencing-services. toptenreviews. com/

To what extent was Lenin crucial to the Bolshevik

To what extent was Lenin crucial to the Bolshevik seizure of power in October 1917? On 24th October 1917 the Lenin and the Bolsheviks led a revolution in Russia. The Bolshevik Red Guards led a revolution against the Provisional Government by seizing control of stations, telephone exchanges, post offices, the national bank and the Winter Palace in Petrograd. Now Lenin set about creating the world's first communist state. Although he was a strong influence, he was not solely responsible for the outbreak of revolution.There are other important causes of the Bolshevik seizure of ower, such as the weakness of the Provisional government and Kerenskys mistakes. Also other important factor was the actions of Trotsky and the timing and luck of the Bolsheviks. However, Lenin was, toa large extent, crucial to the Bolshevik seizure of power because he presented his April thesis, which gave the people of Russia an awakening to the communist aim. Lenin was important to the Bolshevik seizure of pow er as he was able to manipulate public opinion using slogans and propaganda.This was also shown early in the year, before Lenin's return to Russia from Switzerland. The Bolsheviks in Russia had printed in ‘Pravda' (their newspaper) that their members and followers should support the Provisional Government, and also that they had given serious thought to the idea of combining with the Mensheviks. This was all very contrary to what Lenin wrote in his ‘April Theses' which clearly laid out his views and beliefs on the subject. A key point of his ‘April Theses' was â€Å"No Support for the Provisional Government†, yet without him his party were proposing just that.Lenin as an individual was able to force the Bolsheviks to follow his beliefs nd goals and without him they may never have chosen this course of action at all. Through his April thesis, particularly the slogans â€Å"Peace, Bread, Land† and â€Å"All Power to the Soviets†, he was able to h arness the support of the Russian people. These slogans appealed to the majority, the peasants and the workers. The support of the people was an extremely important factor, as this is the support which determined that there would be little resistance to the Bolshevik revolution.This shows Lenin's importance in the occurrence of the October Revolution. Lenin's character as an individual was a vital reason to the success of the Bolsheviks. Prior to the February Revolution, the Bolshevik party was not the most powerful. Lenin was strong, determined and dedicated to the revolution. His speeches were inspiring. The â€Å"April Theses† forced through key policy decisions. Lenin rewrote Marx's ideas, he believed the Bourgeois revolution can be followed immediately by a socialist revolution. Which was different to the Bolshevik views but after he presented his ideas he won over the Bolsheviks.Lenin's leadership, and his usage and manipulation of events taking place in Russia after hi s return, facilitated their ability to seize control. The failure of the Provisional government was also a key reason why the Bolsheviks seized power in October 1917. In February, the constitutional monarchy reluctantly granted in 1905 by the Tsar collapsed following riots over food shortages and the continuing slaughter of Russian soldiers in the World War l. Tsar Nicholas II was forced to abdicate and a provisional government came into power I . existed to till the void ot ower in the chaos of rioting and the Bolsheviks did not accept any part in it. Disassociating himself and the party from the Provisional Government was to prove a wise decision by Lenin. Despite early acceptance of the Provisional Government by the people, it soon lost popularity in the face of Russia's continuing presence in the war and loss of life. They also became unpopular when took the peasants land This made Russia a fertile ground for Bolshevik revolutionary ideas. The Bolsheviks came to power at an espe cially volatile time in Russian history – the ProvisionalGovernment was weak-willed, disorganized, and ripe for Bolshevik insurrection. Kerenskys mistakes, as a leading member of the Provisional Government, were also a important reason in the Bolsheviks seizure of power. He served as Minister of War under Prince Lvov before becoming leader of the Provisional Government in July 1917. Kerensky, as a Menshevik, was a moderate socialist who saw a need to work with the Liberals in order to bring about change. He was a superb speaker but he struggled to remain in control of events during the summer of 1917: the June offensive.His attempt to revitalise the Russian army against Germany failed and the confusion caused by his role in the Kornilov Affair greatly undermined his position. General Lavr Kornilov replaced the commander-in-chief, Brusilov, after the failed June Offensive. A myth that was present in 1917 was that Kornilov planned a coup d' ©tat against the provisional govern ment. When Kornilov ordered troops into Petrograd, not on the bases of this myth but as he was concerned of a left-wing radical plot against the government, Kerensky panicked fearing a military takeover.Kerensky arrested Kornilov, who was innocent and loyal, and armed groups of workers, many Bolsheviks. This was a vital for the Bolsheviks, and their future success in seizing power, because they are now seen as defenders and their numbers increased. They were also still armed from the Kornilov affair. Kerensky and the Provisional government were now completely undermined. Trotsky and the timing of the uprising are also a key reason by the Bolsheviks were able to seize power in October 1917. The Bolsheviks claimed they were acting on behalf of the Soviet who were in oalition with the Provisional government.Although Kerensky was aware the Bolsheviks were planning some kind of takeover, he did not take any pivotal action. The takeover was organised and almost bloodless. The planning of the takeover was the responsibility of Trotsky, a leading Social democrat who had Joined the Bolsheviks in May. This was a plan of Lenin's, as he hoped it would hide the Bolshevik involvement. The planning was handed over to the military revolutionary committee of the Petrograd Soviet, who Trotsky was chairman. Trotsky was responsible for the akeover being carried out smoothly and efficiently.Trotsky played an important role in organising the Bolshevik seizure of power. In conclusion, toa large extent Lenin was crucial to the Bolshevik seizure of power in October 1917. Lenin was a brilliant leader – a professional revolutionary who was ruthless, a brilliant speaker, a good planner with ONE aim: to overthrow the government. The Bolsheviks were well-led. Lenin used both the war and the failure of the Provisional government to his advantage by saying how he would stop the war and take over from the ProvisionalGovernment who didn't seem to be listening to the people. His strong p ersonality and ty to communicate well witn the people gave the Bolsheviks many supporters in the revolution and so ultimately gave them the upper hand against the Provisional Government. Lenin changed the Marx theory, by skipping capitalism – Marxist Leninism, therefore Communism was now seen as conceivable. The Bolshevik party was the only party that opposed the Provisional government, as the provisional government was unpopular, the Bolsheviks once again gained a lot of support.