Social Contract As A Dominant Political Theory Essay

Social Contract As A Timeless Dominant Political Theory Introduction The concept of social contract was introduced by early thinkers like Socrates and Plato. The social contract is a political theory that involves a tacit agreement between members of society group that allows them to collaborate and promote mutual benefits, as well explains the legitimacy and authority of government. This concept is further explained and defended by 17th and 18th centuries philosophers like Hobbes, Locke and Rousseau, who helped to shape these theories and lay down the foundation for today’s democracy and the role of the government in society. Social contract theories had a profound impact on modern Western society, specifically, America and France. Subsequently, it had a dramatic ideological influence on the development of democracies around the world. However, not everyone agreed with the idea of social contract and there are other political theories which downplay its importance in the role of the government in the community’s life. Theorists, such as Humes, Mandeville, and Smith declare there is no such contract/agreement in existence, but rather maximizing peoples’ utility, market forces, and individual selfishness are the driving forces of a given society. Nevertheless, we need to recognize the importance of social contract because it provides a conceptual basis for the development of a democratic and just society. In addition, social contract, through its constantShow MoreRelatedThe Congress Of The United States Adopted The Declaration Of Independence860 Words   |  4 Pagesinterpretation of these basic ideas of self-evident truths, natural rights and the social contract theory that governments are created by men by authority of consent of the governed to protect the rights to life, liberty and property. Using new scientific theories and a different view of history, the Progressives attempted to better understand politics and use these new views to explain the need for reform. Political theory emerged as a separate science and way of thinking in the last half of the nineteenthRead Moreâ€Å"Modernity Was an Abstract Belief System, Rooted in the Enlightenment. Which Drove Our Traditional Society Towards Technological Development, Industrialisation and Radical Social Change†? Assess the Impact of Modernity675 Words   |  3 Pagesand people be given the freedom to use their own intellect. Hobbesian social control theory was a ideological invention that came about during the pre 1750s. The social control theory is a view that a person’s moral and political obligations are dependent upon a ‘contract’ or an agreement among that to form a society in which they live in. However, social contract theory is rightly associated with modern moral and political theory and is given its first full exposition and defence by Thomas HobbesRead MoreThe Pros And Cons Of Social Contract1004 Words   |  5 PagesSocial contract denotes that a government or sovereign body exists only to serve the will of the people because the people are the source of political power that is enjoyed by the entity. The people can choose to give or withdraw the power. Not all philosophers agree that the social contract creates rights and obligations; on the contrary, some believe that the social contract imposes restrictions that restrict a person’s natural rights. Individuals who live within the society gain protectionRead Moreâ€Å"Whatever Affects One Directly, Affects All Indirectly† Toxic workplaces is a systemic and1300 Words   |  6 Pagesworkplaces can be framed through the following theories for redress: systems theory explains the interconnectedness and interrelations within systems, social systems theory explains the internal processes of the individuals in the organization, human systems theory explains how the culture or the environment of an organization effects the behavior of the humans in the organization, and conflict theory explains how human and power differences and social identity groups supports oppression. EmotionalRead MoreAnalysis Of John Stuart Mill s Veil Of Ignorance And The Classic Social Contract Theory Essay1399 Words   |  6 Pagesprompt one of the week three Justice Theory essay assignment, and yields an evaluation through considering various internal and external materials from weeks one through three. Accordingly, the organization of this exploration concentrates on three areas of focus. First, this paper seeks to explain how the modern social contract theorist, John Rawls’, attempts to enhance the classic utilitarian views of John Stuart Mill, as well as the classic social contract theories of Thomas Hobbes and Jean JacquesRead MorePolitical Theory of John Locke Essay1189 Words   |  5 PagesJohn Locke: Account of Political Society What would the American government be like today if it was not for the mind and political theory of John Locke? Some historians and philosophers believe that without John Locke our government would only be a shadow of what it is today. Arguably, one of his most important political and philosophical works was his Two Treatises of Government. There he argues that the function of the state is to protect the natural rights of its citizens, primarily toRead MoreRousseau s Beliefs On The Form Of Governments Essay1746 Words   |  7 Pagessovereign. In his writings from the social contract Rousseau outlines what the sort of government should be. Therefore, the aim of this essay will firstly be to analyze and outline Rousseau’s held beliefs on the form of governments. Secondly, what this sort of government will achieve. Finally the essay will examine Rousseau’s contribution to political thought in contemporary era. Jean-Jacques Rousseau is one of the most influential intellectuals in political philosophy of the 18th century. HisRead MoreThomas Hobbes Social Contract Theory Essay895 Words   |  4 PagesThomas Hobbes creates a clear idea of the social contract theory in which the social contract is a collective agreement where everyone in the state of nature comes together and sacrifices all their liberty in return to security. â€Å"In return, the State promises to exercise its absolute power to maintain a state of peace (by punishing deviants, etc.)† So are the power and the ability of the state making people obey to the laws or is there a wider context to this? I am going to look at the differentRead MorePolitics And City Of God : Issues And Medieval Political Thought Essay1717 Words   |  7 PagesGod: Issues in Medieval Political Thought By Okechukwu S. Amadi Department of Political Administrative Studies University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Nigeria E-mail: okechukwu.amadi@uniport.edu.ng Abstract In this paper we have attempted to show the significance of St. Augustine’s thought on the problems of politics as contained in his famous work The City of God. We established that his theoretical enterprise on politics and State based as it were on the theory of the two cities, the earthlyRead MoreMuted Group Theory ( Mgt )1593 Words   |  7 Pages Muted Group Theory (MGT) is a critical theory because it is focuses on the power structure and how it is used against certain people and groups. At times, critical theories can divide the powerful and the powerless into a number of different ways. MGT chooses to split the power spectrum into two main categories, men and women. This MGT helps us to understand any groups that are silenced by the lack of power in their language. In dominate groups or activity groups, there are members who have less

Comparing Plato s The Symposium - 1704 Words

In one of his most accomplished works, Plato brings to light the topic of alcohol and the significance of drinking in The Symposium. Through this text, Plato is writing about philosophy is the setting of a narrative in order to reinforce the context of the story. Plato was a metaphilosophist that supported the theory of forms. He believed that understanding pure form, achieving true wisdom, is something that cannot be defined or reduced to words, and all people should strive to understand pure form. The main symbol in The Symposium, is wine, a representation of wisdom. Throughout the narrative, the characters drink at a constant place. Having the wine allows for the men to open up and share their ideas on love, as the characters try and†¦show more content†¦In a symposium, the symposiarch, the leader of the symposium, decides what is going to be talked about, and each person at the symposium delivers a speech on that topic. As this is going on, the people at the symposium pa ss around watered-down wine and drink in rounds all at the same pace. This drinking ritual is an example of sophrosunÄ“, an Ancient Greek value that emphasized self-restraint and conforming to societal expectations. The main concept that Plato bases his argument on is the theory of forms. According to the theory of forms, the physical world is created by the abstract ideas and concepts known as the metaphysical world. Plato believed that the physical world was not real and was simply an illusion for the metaphysical world. in The Symposium, there are six different levels to the theory of forms as defined by Diotima. Diotima defines the levels using the example of love, the topic of discussion at the symposium. The first two levels fall into the physical world and are the love of one body and the love of all bodies. The third, fourth, and fifth levels fall under the realm of the metaphysical world and are the love of minds, the love of customs and traditions, and love of forms of knowledge respectively. The highest level in the theory of forms is pure form which extends beyond the metaphysical world and cannot be defined. Only beings that have achieved wisdom, beings that reside in the realm of p ure form, can understand this idea. PlatoShow MoreRelatedEssay on Tragedy of Alcibiades in Platos Symposium1605 Words   |  7 PagesThe Tragedy of Alcibiades in Platos Symposium In Symposium, a selection from The Dialogues of Plato, Plato uses historical allusions to demonstrate Alcibiades’ frustration with both social expectations for the phallus and his inability to meet these expectations. Alcibiades’ inability to have a productive sexual relationship effectively castrates him and demonstrates the impotence caused by an overemphasis on eroticism. The tragedy of Alcibiades is that he realizes he is unable to gain virtueRead MoreHuman Love Is An Essential Part Of The Good Life1888 Words   |  8 PagesAristophanes observes that if we are disobedient toward the gods, Zeus might split us in two once more, so we must always be in pursuit of satisfying the gods. Diotima takes a step forward and tells a story that tries to save us from tragedy in love. The Symposium portrays many forms of love and â€Å"starkly confronts us with a choice, and at the same time it makes us see so clearly that we cannot choose anything. We see now that philosophy is not fully human; but we are terrified of humanity and what it leadsRead More Teaching Philosophy as Education and Evaluation of Thinking Essay3175 Words   |  13 Pages But its possible to get truth by dialogue: then it is also possible teaching and philosophically thinking using argumentation and research of universal ideas, transcending simple and unfounded opinions (CIFUENTES, 1997 #4922). This thesis, from Plato to Kant and German idealism (Fichte, Schelling, Hegel) seems the main scientific trend up to today (BARON STERNBERG, 1987a; BARON STERNBERG, 1987b; ENNIS, 1987; QUELLMALZ, 1987; SMITH, 1987), in spite of contrasting voices, like Rousseau, against

Nursing Physical Assessment Free Essays

Physical Assessment Lab 120-103 1. General Survey ! Level?! Awake Alert a. Orientation to person, place, time? b. We will write a custom essay sample on Nursing Physical Assessment or any similar topic only for you Order Now Ability to Communicate in full sentences with clear speech? c. Posture: upright and erect, shoulders level and symmetrical? d. Personal Hygiene: Clean neat, no odor, dresses appropriately for the weather. 2. Integumentary System: a. Color: Uniform color – pink, tan, brown, olive. Slightly darker on exposed areas. There are normally no areas of bleeding, ecchymosis, or increased vascularity. No skin lesions should be present except for freckles, birthmarks, or moles, which may be flat or elevated. . Temperature: Warm and dry bilaterally. Hands and feet may be slightly cooler than the rest of the body. Skin surfaces should be non tender. (use back of both hands on patient’s forearms) c. Textures: Skin should feel soft/fine or coarse/thick. d. Turgor: When the skin is released, it should instantly recoil, no tenting. Best place to assess: Ant. ?Chest or abdomen. **Verbalize: I will integrate the integumentary system throughout the rest of the exam through checking and ob serving. 3. Head, Face, Neck a. Cranium: The head should be normocephalic, midline, and symmetrical.? . Scalp: The scalp should be white to light brown, shiny, intact, and without lesions or masses, flaking, or pidiculi (lice)? c. Hair: Pale blonde to black, thick or thin, curly or straight, coarse or fine, shiny or dull.? d. Frontal Maxillary Sinuses: Should be non palpable and non tender (must ask â€Å"did that hurt? †) e. Cervical Lymph Nodes: Should be non palpable and non tender, non visible or inflamed. (Preauricular, postauricular, occipital, submental, submandibular, tonsillar, anterior cervical chain, posterior cervical chain, supraclavicular. e. Best place to assess: Ant. Chest or abdomen. **Verbalize: I will integrate the integumentary system throughout the rest of the exam through checking and observing. Physical Assessment Lab 120-103 f. Carotid Artery: Has visible pulsation (should be in front of the sternocleidomastoid muscle), palpable bilaterally (not at the same time!!! ), no bruits (soft blowing or wooshing sound from constriction of plaque) g. Temporal Artery: Should be palpable and equal bilaterally h. TMJ: Glides smoothly, no clicking or crepitus. i. Trachea: Midline, Thyroid: non palpable, non tender (ask) j. Neck: ROM Muscle Strength: Stand behind the patient, touch the chin to the chest, look up at the ? ceiling, move each ear to shoulder (without elevating the shoulder), turn head to each side to look at the shoulder. The Cervical spine’s alignment is straight, the head is held erect. Normal muscle strength allows for full, complete, voluntary joint ROM against both gravity and moderate to full resistance. Muscle strength is equal bilaterally. There is no observed involuntary muscle movement. Say: â€Å"full active ROM with no restrictions† k. Thyroid: Palpation: have the patient lower the chin slightly in order to relax neck muscles. Place your thumbs on the back of the patient’s neck and bring the other fingers around the neck anteriorly to rest their tips over the trachea on the lower portion of the neck. Move the finger pads over the tracheal rings. Gently move trachea over to the side, then have patient swallow. Feel for any consistency, nodularity, or tenderness. 4. Eyes? a. Eyelids: Palpebral Fissure are symmetrical, no ptosis or lid lag.? b. Lacrimal Glands: Pale pink, patent, no excessive tearing, dryness, drainage, or edema.? . Eyelashes: Evenly distributed no ectropion no entropion.? d. Eyebrows: Even and equally bilateral? e. Conjunctiva: clear, pink, moist, without lesions? f. Sclera: white intact? g. Cornea: Surface should be moist and shiny and without discharge, cloudiness, opacity, and irregularity.? h. Iris: round, symmetrical, and colored: green, blue, brown, hazel, violet, honey, etc.? i. Pupils : PERRLA (Pupils are Equal, Round, Reactive to Light and Accommodation) Check pupil reflexes. check twice each eye, direct/consensual, then bring penlight toward nose to assess for accommodation. . Ears? a. Pinna: Non tender, symmetrical bilaterally, without lesions or masses, (top of pinna should always be equal to outer canthus) – palpate simultaneously? b. Tragus: non tender, without lesions? c. Mastoid Process (piece of bone inferior posterior ear): non tender, no swelling, equal bilaterally (if one is different, ask for how long)? d. Tympanic Membrane: Pearly gray, shiny, intact (sometimes will see some white-cottage cheese looking bumps = scarring) MAKE SURE TO CHANGE SPECULUM BTWN EARS FOR PRACTICUM Adult: pull back and up, look anterior. Child pull down) **know how to use equiptment!! Instructors/proctors look for this!!! *** e. Umbo: (Part of the Stapes) Make sure this is present, Protruding = dehydrated, Not present = fluid behind eardrum. f. Cone of Light: Tiny triangle anterior inferior on tympanic membrane = healthy. 5:00 on the right ear, 7:00 on the left ear. Physical Assessment Lab 120-103 6. Nose? a. Nares: patent, have patient occlude one nostril and gently blow out air on back of hand to test patency. Mucosa: pink, moist, without lesions, edema, drainage? b. Septum: without deviation. Best was to assess is to push tip of nose up – shows if deviation is present. ! ***If nares are pink = allergies. If nares are bright red = cold. Saline shortens cold as it washes it ! down to stomach, where stomach kills the virus. 7. Mouth/Lips? a. Lips: pink, moist, intact, without lesions? b. Teeth: 32 including 4 wisdom. White with good repair, without caries? c. Tongue: pink, moist, papillae intact, midline, full mobility (ask pt to stick tongue out move left, right, up, down), without lesions? d. Oral Mucosa: pink, moist, without lesions (use tongue depressor penlight) no red, no swelling? . Gingiva: pink, moist, intact, no bleeding? f. Uvula: Midline, rises symmetrically with soft palate when patient says â€Å"Ahhh† If absent patient will be sensitive to gagging. If long may be a sign of sleep apnea? g. Tonsils: Pink, symmetrical. They are graded from â€Å"absent – +4) +1 = peeking, +4 = kissing h. Hard/Soft Palate: pink, intact. Soft palate is pinker than hard Write: â€Å"What you would expect to see† If not, must state what you see. Are the eyelids covering the top of the iris? Always compare OD to OS. First begin assessment with visual acuity.? Corneal Light Reflex: Shine penlight 12-15† away toward eyes (at midline) Should get right reflex in same position in each eye. If asymmetric they have strabismus (weak eye muscle) Ears: Use tuning fork? Weber Test: Hit on palm Hold at tip head (hairline) Should be able to hear equally in each ear. Rinne Test: hearing acuity. Hit prongs on palmar, put it on mastoid process until can’t hear it any longer, then move it to holding it in front of the ear canal. ***Air conduction should be twice as long as bone conduction*** Semicircular Canals: control balance and equilibrium Vertigo can be caused by a foreign body which has been dislodged and landed in semicircular canals. Native Americans and Asians can have â€Å"Torus Palantitis† looks like mountain ranges on palate this is a benign condition. 8. Sensory Neuro (answer to most cranial nerve testing is â€Å"intact†) *verbage: Physical Assessment Lab 120-103 a. Sensation – light touch, sharp/dull, intact? a. Upper Extremities – use cotton ball, sharp dull sides of broken tongue depressor use 3 spots: finger, back of hand, arm. * ! b. Abdominal Reflex * ! ! Positive or not present * ! . Lower Extremities – use cotton ball sharp dull sides of broken tongue depressor use 3 spots: toe, top of ! foot, and shin.? b. Deep Tendon Reflexes – (smack deep tendons using flat side of hammer) *These are graded 0-4 â€Å"What you would expect to find +2/4†) ? a. Biceps – place thumb at patient’s elbow (antecubital) to hold their arm. Hit own thumb with the hammer. ?b. Triceps – hold patient’s muscle so patient’s arm can swing freely. Hit hammer above funny bone. ?c. Brachial Radialis – Hold pt’s hand then hit hammer midway btwn wrist antecubital. d. Patellar – Find tendon right above patellar bone, hit hammer on tendon? e. Achilles – About 2† above heel, support foot, relax leg. Will have plantar flexion.? f. Plantar or Babinski = severe brain damage â€Å"abduction†. So we say â€Å"Positive plantar ? flexion, no abduction† we only expect to find in babies. How to test: use metal side of hammer and trace the outer margin of the foot and across top, under toes. ?babinski or f. Best place to assess: Ant. ?Chest or abdomen. **Verbalize: I will integrate the integumentary system throughout the rest of the exam through checking and observing. How to cite Nursing Physical Assessment, Essay examples

Should Cigarette Smoking Be Banned Essay Example For Students

Should Cigarette Smoking Be Banned Essay Everyday 3,000 children start smoking, most them between the ages of 10 and 18. These kids account for 90 percent of all new smokers. In fact, 90 percent of all adult smokers said that they first started smoking as teenagers. These statistics clearly show that young people are the prime target in the tobacco wars. Smokers say they need to smoke because it makes them feel good and more relaxed. It helps to concentrate more and feel at ease. Or, they may just need to smoke because it’s so addicting. Despite these statements, the advantages and disadvantages just dont compare. One of the largest health disputes right now and for a prolonged period of time, has been smoking. No one seems to be doing much about the issue and the people that dont care the most and should, are the smokers. The smokers are the one’s who need to know how bad it really is. It seems the non-smokers are the people who oppose against this topic because they are affected by it too. Passive smoke, or second hand affects the non-smokers too. Tobacco smoke contains about 4,000 chemicals, including 200 known poisons. Every time someone smokes, poisons such as benzene, formaldehyde and carbon monoxide are released into the air, which means that not only is the smoker inhaling them but so is everyone else around him. Many studies now show that this secondhand smoke can have harmful effects on nonsmokers and even cause them to develop diseases such as lung cancer and heart disease. Secondhand smoke has an especially bad effect on infants and children whose parents smoke. A number of studies show that in their first two years of life, babies of parents who smoke at home have a much higher rate of lung diseases such as bronchitis and pneumonia than babies with nonsmoking parents. Tobacco use remains the leading preventable cause of death in the United States, causing more than 400,000 deaths each year and resulting in an annual cost of more than $50 billion in direct medical costs. Each year, smoking kills more people than AIDS, alcohol, drug abuse, car crashes, murders, suicides, and fires combined! Nationally, smoking results in more than 5 million years of potential life lost each year. Approximately 80% of adult smokers started smoking before the age of 18. Every day, nearly 3,000 young people under the age of 18 become regular smokers. More than 5 million children living today will die prematurely because of a decision they will make as adolescents—the decision to smoke cigarettes. Nicotine is a very addictive drug. For some people, it can be as addictive as heroin or cocaine. Within seconds of taking a puff of smoke, nicotine travels to the brain. It tells the brain to release chemicals that make you want to smoke more. Quitting is hard. Usually people make 2 to 3 tries, or more, before finally being able to quit. Studies have shown that each time you try to quit, you will be stronger and will have learned more about what helps and what hurts. Anyone can quit smoking. It does not matter about age, health, or lifestyle. The decision to quit and your success are greatly influenced by how much you want to stop smoking. How do we stop the future of America from smoking? Here are three things that the experts recommend. Try to convince the children that smoking is not cool. Talk to these kids at a young age about the dangers of smoking. Identify family members who smoke and ask them to stop. .u3a591e134a41a4340d9567f92c0ea898 , .u3a591e134a41a4340d9567f92c0ea898 .postImageUrl , .u3a591e134a41a4340d9567f92c0ea898 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u3a591e134a41a4340d9567f92c0ea898 , .u3a591e134a41a4340d9567f92c0ea898:hover , .u3a591e134a41a4340d9567f92c0ea898:visited , .u3a591e134a41a4340d9567f92c0ea898:active { border:0!important; } .u3a591e134a41a4340d9567f92c0ea898 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u3a591e134a41a4340d9567f92c0ea898 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u3a591e134a41a4340d9567f92c0ea898:active , .u3a591e134a41a4340d9567f92c0ea898:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u3a591e134a41a4340d9567f92c0ea898 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u3a591e134a41a4340d9567f92c0ea898 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u3a591e134a41a4340d9567f92c0ea898 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u3a591e134a41a4340d9567f92c0ea898 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u3a591e134a41a4340d9567f92c0ea898:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u3a591e134a41a4340d9567f92c0ea898 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u3a591e134a41a4340d9567f92c0ea898 .u3a591e134a41a4340d9567f92c0ea898-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u3a591e134a41a4340d9567f92c0ea898:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Volunteer Paper EssayChildren are the most valuable commodities we are given in life. We need to try and educate them while they’re young to be independent thinkers and to not be swayed by the tobacco companies who are trying to take advantage of their mind and body.