Comparing to the American Dream essays

Contrasting with the American Dream articles William Byrd was conceived in Virginia in 1674. William Byrd got quality training in England. He came back to Virginia subsequent to learning of his dad's passing. Byrd presently had the obligation of dealing with his acquired manor. William Byrd character was steady. In The Secret Diary of William Byrd of Westover, he recorded the features of his day. He was a prompt riser. He composed that he would get up no later than seven I the morning. Another perception I read that he wanted to eat very similar things. For example, he would have milk for breakfast and bubbled hamburger for supper. Byrd would either understand Greek or Hebrew. I likewise saw that Byrd would supplicate toward the finish of every day. It would end pretty much like this unfailingly, I had great wellbeing, great considerations, and affableness, thanks be to God Almighty. Byrd appreciated games and friends. He generally had organization in his home. A few times he cousin visited, Mr. Mumford went with Byrd as they strolled in the nursery, shot bows and bolts and play billiard until supper time. Byrds companions, Drury Stith, Colonel Hill, Mr. Anderson and Mr. Platt likewise were some of William Byrds visitor on the estate. William Byrd was a ran ch proprietor with a huge measure of slaves. A portion of his slaves were wiped out and some even kicked the bucket on his estate. A great deal of times, Byrd invested the greater part of his energy taking care of his wiped out. Various slaves had various occupations to do. Some would empty supplies from Byrds sloop which was a pontoon, cook the food, clean the chambers, plant trees, for example, peach trees, set up window ornaments and took care of the creatures since he had steers. Slaves suffered remorselessness from William Byrd. He whipped some of them and marked one of his slaves since he claimed to be debilitated when requested to dump his boat. William Byrd recorded a portion of his sexual offenses, for example the Colonel Carters spouse girl and Mrs. Russell, and his better half who might some of the time go to... <!

Black Legend essays

Supremo free essay sample

One night, Boniface and other energetic Filipinos met to build up a mystery society. This is called Stagnating Gallivanting a Justinian Eng uber Knack Eng Banyan or Justinian. The reason for the confederation is to oppose Spain and free the Philippines. Boniface turned into the Supreme of the association. While drove by the Katie container, Boniface met Gregorian De Jesus. Gregorian was pursued her and soon they were hitched in the congregation of Bambino. They wedded again as per the principles of the Justinian. Gregorian joined the association was well.She thought about remarks, weapons and other gear that is valuable for the confederation. At the point when the Spanish found the Justinian, Boniface and different associates left the city. They assembled at Paginated and there was resolved to begin the upset. In the skirmish of San Juan, Boniface were pulled back because of the quality of the adversary. In any case, even bombed their first intrusion, fast turn spread the unrest. We will compose a custom exposition test on Supremo or then again any comparative subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page In the interim, likewise sparkle as a pioneer Emilio Continual of Cavity Stationeries. Continuously wins the battle his military such a great amount of dazzled with Continual.Here starts the contention of Stationeries in Cavity. Split into two gatherings: the gathering Managing and Magical gathering. A show held in Testers, Cavity two gatherings of Stationeries. As the Supreme of the Justinian, Boniface stood led the show. They all consent to respect any concurred show. They previously settled the Republic of the Philippines and along these lines held decisions. Chosen leader of the republic was Continual in any event, when he isn't in the said show. In any case, when Boniface was chosen as the Director of Interior, a Magical dissent since he had absence of education.In outrage, Boniface revoked the said political decision and promptly cleared the spot. In a gathering with MANIC, Andrea Boniface built up a different government. For Continual, Boniface authority will prompted incredible hazard, he requested to capture him. Gondolas armed force went to Boniface and captured him. Andrea and Procom were investigated for conspiracy in the city trying to topple the administration. After the day of preliminary the kin were demonstrated blameworthy and condemned to death. Not knowing the siblings capital punishment. They furtively brought to the heap of Tall.There, Jesus Procom Boniface isolated. Boniface resolved to execute them. He ran however the officers tailed him and shot. Here finished the life of Andrea Boniface, Supreme of the Justinian. Film REVIEW It was continued with such an incredible cinematography with a play of sepia tones and ground-breaking melodic scoring. Despite the fact that there were only a few scenes that required legitimate lighting, to show the essences of the characters. Some were excessively dim while they convey their lines. It gives us that even your kindred Filipinos can sell out you, can be your most exceedingly awful adversaries, for force and authority.Ammonias passing, Benefactions spouse, was too feeble to even consider starting the Tory. Content couldve been progressively astounding with appropriate sequencing and altering. The last a few scenes of the film were too substantial to even think about bearing. Obviously, I definitely recognized what might occur in the story, however watching it was a totally different issue. I do concede that I cried a touch of during the last scene where the incomparable met his end in an extremely nerve racking way. I consider it as one of the most wonderfully shot Filipino movies that I have seen. In spite of its constraints underway sets, the film could flaunt that every it scenes was a scene of beauty.The chief was excellent in making efforts where either unpretentious activities or epic situations occurred. Tragically, what could have been an incredible film had been broken by conflicting narrating and need brilliance exhibitions from a portion of the entertainers. It appeared as though every scene was significant, yet when taken together they end up being restricting. The flashbacks utilized could have caused by adding them to explain things and not simply to include chronicled realities. Over all, the film is incredible and I appreciate it. In any case, El Presidents is better than this film in view of its not legitimate sequencing.

How to Structure a Dissertation: Chapters & Sub Chapters

The accompanying post incorporates a brief and top to bottom outline of the parts and subchapters typically contained inside an exposition. These future extremely helpful when choosing what ought to go where, and what you ought to compose straightaway. We utilize this layout at our site while helping understudies with their theses and specifically composing paper sections. We trust you advantage unequivocally from it as well.Dissertation Chapters and Sub ChaptersDissertations ought to be organized in the accompanying manner:TITLE PAGEACKNOWLEDGEMENTDEDICATIONABSTRACTTABLE OF CONTENTSLIST OF TABLES (If accessible) LIST OF FIGURES (if available)INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY Organization UNDER STUDY PROBLEM STATEMENT RESEARCH OBJECTIVE DISSERTATION STRUCTURELITERATURE REVIEWINTRODUCTION LITERATURE REVIEW FINAL SUBCHAPTERS SHOULD INCLUDE: LITERATURE REVIEW SUMMARY RESEARCH QUESTION Try not to be elucidating in your writing survey. For all of 2 audits on a specific subject, think of equivalent studies by restricting creators to have a fair evaluate of the subject you are reviewing.METHODOLOGYRESEARCH PHILOSOPHY RESEARCH APPROACH RESEARCH STRATEGY DATA COLLECTION DATA ANALYSIS ACCESS RELIABILITY, VALIDITY, AND GENERALISABILITY ETHICAL ISSUES RESEARCH LIMITATIONS Paper Chapters For most segments of the technique, you ought to incorporate a fitting basis for why you decided to utilize that specific approach over a contradicting procedure. In the event that you pick positivist over interpretivist, for what reason did you do it? RESULTSIf Quantitative, you ought to incorporate all the figures, alongside a portrayal of the outcomes. In the event that Qualitative or Case Study, you ought to remember the significant discoveries for an unmistakable format.DISCUSSIONJustification of research subject (why you picked that theme) Recap of Literature Review, and Methodology Justification of Sample Brief Recap of Results Analysis †Split the examination question into various areas, and answer every last one of the sub questions, in light of Literature Review and Results. At that point in the long run, compose an outline that addresses the entire research question. Investigation †Make sure you answer the examination question. The outcomes ought to be investigate d in accordance with the Literature you checked on in Chapter 2.CONCLUSIONRECOMMENDATIONSREFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHYAPPENDIXYou must be a decent narrator to compose an exposition. You are not expected to meeting or overview anyone, however you should have the option to comprehend the association, writing audit and approach, up until the point that you can compose a persuading postulation to respond to your proposed investigate question (request tests on the off chance that you need them). I propose and absolutely suggest that you start from the writing survey. We have given a straightforward guide called, how to compose a thesis the writing audit, that may be useful to you. Since you are not so much directing the meetings and reports, the writing survey would give you a balanced review of the point. Most sociologies and Law expositions receive optional research, contrasted with business theses that basically utilize Primary Research. Guarantee that your decision of research is the most satisfactory for the theme you are taking a shot at. Outline Reviewer John †WP Admin Review Date 2017-08-18 Reviewed Item Dissertation Writing Guide: How to Structure a Dissertation? Creator Rating 5

Frida Kahlo Example For Students

Frida Kahlo Biography Life story Frida Kahlo (1907-1954) Very gifted and remarkable vanguard craftsman of Central America, the Mexican painter Frida Kahlo turned out to be notable for painting the self-pictures, delineating the torment that irritated her the entire time. Crafted by Frida Kahlo have a place with Surrealism as they contain unusual and intriguing subjects. Frida Kahlo’s works mirrored the condition of her wellbeing. A ton of her works of art had her one of a kind and mark style which showed up because of her Mexican and German parentage. Each image is the reflection of the one specific time of her life, and inside and out her compositions make her collection of memoirs. Frida Kahlo was conceived in 1907, in Coyoacan, Mexico City. Being a youngster, Frida enjoyed playing football and boxing. At school, she was a piece of the horde of law breakers and intellectuals.â â She considered the silly organizations hackneyed and wanted to be in an organization of young men and dated the individuals who were the most well known and canny. The life of Frida Kahlo was loaded with grievous occasions as a youngster, she had polio, and at 18 years old, she got into a genuine mishap. Therefore, she had two hips broken and difficult issues with the spinal rope. Be that as it may, even these horrendous conditions didn't break the solid Frida’s character. The reclamation took 9 months. Lying in bed, Frida requested that her dad give her paints and began to draw her self-pictures. At 22 years old, she entered the most renowned college in Mexico, where she met her future spouse, Diego Rivera. To satisfy her significant other, she changed pants and cowhide coats to rich skirts. This picture was totally without any realness, as Frida consolidated garments and extras of various social gatherings and periods, and could wear an Indian skirt with a Creole shirt just as hoops of Picassos work. In her journal, Frida noticed that the ensemble is likewise a self-picture. Her dresses became characters of pretty much every image. The photos were an impression of her inside tempest, and the outfits turned into her protective layer. A year after the separation, she made the representation where her hair was trimmed, and she wore a mens ensemble. Affected by her better half, her works of art changed a great deal. The absolute first representations of Frida were painted by mimicking Renaissance specialists, notwithstanding, on account of Diego her new fine arts contained the national customs of Mexico. While being pregnant in 1930, Kahlo because of the mishap in 1925 made a premature birth. Lamentably, she couldnt have a youngster two years after the fact. This unpleasant time of her live Kahlo portrayed on the self-representations utilizing clear and energetic hues. Through her works, Kahlo passed on to individuals an amazing sorrow. Her artworks roused and dazzled specialists like Pablo Picasso and other Surrealist craftsmen. In 1937, Frida made one progressively self-picture as a present for Leon Trotsky on his birthday. She devotes the picture to Leon: To Leon Trotsky, with all my adoration, I commit this composition on seventh November 1937. Frida Kahlo in Saint Angel, Mexico. In 1938, Frida Kahlo painted the â€Å"Self-Portrait with a Monkey.† On the representation, the one can see the monkey who is delicately putting his arm around Fridas neck and needs to secure her. On this representation just as on the others she painted huge shade leaves as the foundation. The associations with Rivera were furious, and they chose to get separated. After a year, they wedded once more, and this brought forth one more Kahlo’s magnum opus â€Å"The Two Fridas† where she painted two distinctive Fridas speaking to herself when separate. In 1940, Frida made â€Å"Self Portrait with Cat and Monkey† which was really like the past representation with the monkey she had painted previously. This work was emblematic and represented Frida’s internal world and sentiments. In this picture, she painted herself with the enormous green leaves and a yellow leaf on the foundation just as a dark monkey on the left and dark feline on the right. .u4f37db84dd5b210aa6339b8cb2756a69 , .u4f37db84dd5b210aa6339b8cb2756a69 .postImageUrl , .u4f37db84dd5b210aa6339b8cb2756a69 .focused content zone { min-stature: 80px; position: relative; } .u4f37db84dd5b210aa6339b8cb2756a69 , .u4f37db84dd5b210aa6339b8cb2756a69:hover , .u4f37db84dd5b210aa6339b8cb2756a69:visited , .u4f37db84dd5b210aa6339b8cb2756a69:active { border:0!important; } .u4f37db84dd5b210aa6339b8cb2756a69 .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u4f37db84dd5b210aa6339b8cb2756a69 { show: square; progress: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-change: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; haziness: 1; change: darkness 250ms; webkit-progress: obscurity 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u4f37db84dd5b210aa6339b8cb2756a69:active , .u4f37db84dd5b210aa6339b8cb2756a69:hover { murkiness: 1; progress: mistiness 250ms; webkit-progress: murkiness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u4f37db84dd5b210aa6339b8cb2756a69 .focused content zone { width: 100%; position: relative; } .u4f37db84dd5b210aa6339b8cb2756a69 .ctaText { fringe base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: intense; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; content beautification: underline; } .u4f37db84dd5b210aa6339b8cb2756a69 .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; text style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u4f37db84dd5b210aa6339b8cb2756a69 .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; outskirt: none; fringe sweep: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; text style weight: striking; line-tallness: 26px; moz-outskirt span: 3px; content adjust: focus; content design: none; content shadow: none; width: 80px; min-stature: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/basic arrow.png)no-rehash; position: outright; right: 0; top: 0; } .u4f37db84dd5b210aa6339b8cb2756a69:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u4f37db84dd5b210aa63 39b8cb2756a69 .focused content { show: table; tallness: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .u4f37db84dd5b210aa6339b8cb2756a69-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .u4f37db84dd5b210aa6339b8cb2756a69:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Gustav KlimtThe writer of Surrealism, Andre Breton, was stunned by crafted by Kahlo and started the specialists first piece in Paris in 1939, which was a triumph. Nonetheless, her works were not constantly thought to be a virtuoso. The delegates of the European middle class didn’t like Kahlo’s compositions. Kahlo was solicited to paint five pictures from a well known Mexican lady in 1941, yet she didn't finish it. Kahlo’s father, the adoration for her life, died and she couldn’t keep on working. In spite of her psychological and physical experiencing dependable medical problems, she turned out to be colossally mainstream and taken an interest in different shows in 1941. Kahlo recorded the individuals throughout her life on a canvas. Her amazing pictures fairly affect Symbolism, Realism, and Surrealism. In 1944, Frida painted the celebrated â€Å"Portrait of Dona Rosita Morillo,† which was treated as a special case when contrasting it and different works. When taking a shot at self-representations, Frida was lost in her sentiments and dream and probably won't portray the resemblance of the individual. For this situation, Frida Kahlo painted the representation of the insightful grandmother and made this look entirely sensible, with the goal that the viewer needed to contact it. On the foundation of the representation, the one can see the pre-winter shade of leaves displaying the pre-winter of her life. It was one of the most definite works of art of her. In spite of every one of her sufferings, Frida Kahlo was attempting to be an enthusiastic and chipper individual. She had an extraordinary comical inclination; she continually snickered and ridiculed herself and her companions at the gatherings. All the time she attempted to make the following endeavor and fight with physical torment. The artistic creation was her preferred activity and brought her a great deal of euphoria. The passing of Frida Kahlo came seven days after she praised her 47th birthday celebration. The reason for Frida Kahlos demise was pneumonia. At the burial service of Frida Kahlo, which was held at the Palace of Fine Arts, were available her significant other and a ton of celebrated specialists, authors and much previous Mexican President, Lazaro Cardenas.

How to Help an Addicted Friend or Relative

How to Help an Addicted Friend or Relative Addiction Coping and Recovery Methods and Support Print How to Help an Addicted Friend or Relative By Elizabeth Hartney, BSc., MSc., MA, PhD Elizabeth Hartney, BSc, MSc, MA, PhD is a psychologist, professor, and Director of the Centre for Health Leadership and Research at Royal Roads University, Canada. Learn about our editorial policy Elizabeth Hartney, BSc., MSc., MA, PhD Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on July 16, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on September 15, 2019 Juanmonino / Getty Images More in Addiction Coping and Recovery Methods and Support Overcoming Addiction Personal Stories Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Drug Use Nicotine Use People who know someone struggling with an addiction often wonder how to help an addicted friend or relative. The decision to try and get help for someone you care about who has an addiction is never easy. Fortunately, with your support, they have a greater chance of overcoming their addiction??. Each situation is unique, but there are some general guidelines that will help you approach this task. Do Focus on building trust Be honest Respect privacy Don't Threaten Criticize Expect immediate change Expect Difficulties There are many reasons that helping someone you care about with their addiction can be difficult: They may not agree that they have a problem.They may not want to change what they are doing.They may fear consequences e.g., losing their job, going to prison.They may feel embarrassed, and not want to discuss it with you.They may feel awkward about discussing personal issues with a professional.They may be engaging in the addiction as a way to avoid dealing with another problem that bothers them more. There is no fast and easy way to help someone with an addiction. Overcoming an addiction requires great willpower and determination, so if they do not want to change what they are doing, trying to persuade them to get help is unlikely to work.?? However, you can take steps that will help your loved one to make changes over the long term and will help you to cope with a loved one with an addiction. Step 1: Establish Trust This can be hard to do if the addicted person has already betrayed your trust. However, establishing trust both ways is an important first step in helping them to think about change.?? Trust is easily undermined, even when you are trying to help. Avoid These Trust-Destroyers: Nagging, criticizing, and lecturing the addicted person.Yelling, name-calling, and exaggerating (even when you are stressed yourself).Engaging in addictive behaviors yourself, even in moderation (they will think you are a hypocrite). Be aware that: Although you just want to help the addicted person, they may think you are trying to control them, which can lead to them engaging in the addictive behavior even more.They probably use addictive behavior at least partly as a way to control stress. If the atmosphere between you is stressful, they will want to do the addictive behavior more, not less.Building trust is a two-way process. Trust is not established by putting up with bad behavior. If you have no trust for your loved one and do not feel it can be established at the moment, you should read Step 2.People with addictions rarely change until there is some consequence to their behavior.?? Don’t try too hard to protect the addicted person from the consequences of their own actions (unless it is harmful to themselves or others, for example, drinking and driving). The Stages of Overcoming an Addiction Step 2: Get Help for Yourself First Being in a relationship with a person who has an addiction is often stressful. Accepting that you are going through stress and need help managing it is an important step in helping your loved one, as well as yourself. Step 3: Communicate Although you may feel tempted to let your loved one know that their addiction is a problem and that they need to change, the decision to change is theirs.?? They are much more likely to be open to thinking about change if you communicate honestly but in a way that does not threaten your loved one. Step 4: The Treatment Process The treatment process will vary according to the kind of treatment your friend or relative is getting. If you want them to change, you will probably have to change too, even if you don’t have an addiction. If you show you are willing to try, your loved one will be more likely to try as well. If you are involved in your loved ones treatment: Remember to keep working on establishing trust. Re-read Step 1 before going to counseling with your loved one.Be honest about your feelings, what you want to happen, and what the addiction has been like for you.Do not blame, criticize or humiliate your loved one in counseling.?? Simply say what it has been like for you.Do not be surprised if your loved one says that things you are doing are contributing to their addiction. Try to listen with an open mind. If your loved one has treatment alone: Respect their privacy in everyday life. Do not inform friends, family or others about your loved one’s treatment.??Respect their privacy in therapy. If they don’t want to talk about it, don’t push for them to tell you what happened.There are many different approaches to the challenge of how to help addicts, but remember, change does not happen overnight. Would an Intervention Help My Addicted Loved One?

Erik Erickson Ego Theory in the Field of Psychoanalysis - 2750 Words

Erik Erickson Ego Theory in the Field of Psychoanalysis (Essay Sample) Content: Eriksonà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s Ego TheoryStudentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s NameUniversity AffiliationAbstractThe purpose of this article is to discuss Eriksonà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s ego theory by initially understanding who Erik Erikson was and how he came to establish the eight stages of ego development. The eight stages are particularly significant in understanding self-development. The article comprehensively goes through each stage of development, critically defining what to expect in such a stage. However, one thing that is identifiable from the article is that Erikson does not necessarily explain what causes development from one stage to the next. However, that does not limit the significance of the Eriksonà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s ego theory. Personality development is a continuous process that commences with the onset of birth to death. Understanding Eriksonà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s ego theory is a step towards understanding why people have different personalities.Erik Erickson was a German involved in the field of psych oanalysis. Most of his work were greatly influenced by the work of psychoanalyst Sigmund Feudà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s work. However, Erik Erikson was not trained by Sigmund Freud. In fact, he was not formally educated. Unlike most individuals in the psychodynamic profession, Erik did not possess a doctorate from a highly respected university. Although his parents always encouraged him to pursue medicine, Erik chose to travel through Europe as an artist. Later on in 1927, he got a job working with the children of Freudà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s patient and friends. Eventually, the school incorporated development psychoanalytically and Erickson gained great interest in this, and he became a master in it. In line with his mastery of the psychodynamic field Erik developed his personal theories on personality development. Two of his most significant contributions include a reevaluation of the ego and developmental stages.According to Freud, the ego was a mediator between the superego and oneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s identity. However, Erik believed the ego was more than a mediator. He perceived the ego as a positive force geared towards human development and personality. Therefore, Erikson believed that oneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s ego played a vital function in demonstrating and maintaining a sense of individuality. An individual who possesses a strong sense of identity knows where he or she is in life. Such an individual is characterized by knowing his or her position, having workable goals and possessing a sense of uniqueness and growth. Individuals who possess a weaker ego are known to encounter trying times. In extreme cases, such individuals suffer from identity crisis. Identity crisis refers to a condition in which an individual lacks direction, lacks a sense of identity or feels unproductive.According to Erik Erikson, oneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s ego grows as it unendingly resolves disputed that crop up in nature. Like many other individuals concerned with individual development, Erikson firmly believed that oneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s personal appeal develops in a preset order. However, he was primarily concerned with how children interact with other people and how it affects their sense of self-being. Personal appeal development is a never ending process that goes on from the time of birth to death. Due to the new experiences and information, people acquire every day their ego identity is constantly changing. Identity in this scenario refers to all the beliefs, ideals, and values that determine a personà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s behavior. Erickson defined the ego as an individualà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s ability to unify experiences and actions in an adaptive manner. There are three aspects of an ego: body ego, ego ideal, and ego identity. Body ego refers to the way of perceiving our physical self as different from other people. The ego ideal refers to the image an individual has of him or herself in comparison to an established ideal. On the other hand ego, identity refers the image one has of himself in various social roles.Witho ut an iota of doubt, the society has a firm influence on the development of the child and the ego. According to Eriksonà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s ego theory ego develops through various stages. However, in order to achieve a successful development, one must efficiently accomplish each stage. Failure to complete each stage successfully can hinder progress to other stages hence resulting to unhealthy personality. However, failed stages can be resolved successfully later. The first stage is trust versus mistrust.The first stage begins during the first year of life. At such an age, infants are completely curious and uncertain of the world they are in. At this juncture, everything is foreign to them. Due to all the uncertainty, infants look up to their caregivers for stability, certainty, and care. If an infant is under the care of an individual who is caring, consistent, predictable a sense of trust is developed. The trust build at this stage is carried on to other relationships. The ultimate success of this stage is developing an aspect of hope. Once an infant is able to trust effectively, they have hope that even in the event of new crises. However, if the caregiver is inconsistent and does not give the required amount of care, the infant eventually has little or no hope at all and develops a sense of fear. The infant develops a sense of mistrust and faces the world with no confidence. Such mistrust is surpassed to other relationships. Eventually, the infant develops anxiety and extreme insecurities.The second stage is autonomy vs. shame and doubt. Between the age of eighteen months and three years, children initiate an aspect of being independent. They start walking away from their mothers, making their own choices on what theyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ll eat, wear and the toys they will play with. At this age, children recognize they possess skills and abilities, for instance, putting on clothes. At this stage, parents should let their children explore to their highest potential. Although children might encounter failures as they try to explore, there should always be an avenue that tolerates failure. For instance, if a child attempts to dress himself, we should let him do so until he succeeds or seeks assistance.Parents should always try and maintain a balance between letting their children explore by not doing everything for them and at the same time protecting them from criticism in the case of failure. If a child is fully supported in this stage, they displayed more confidence and secured in their skills and abilities. However, if a child is constantly criticized, controlled and not given an avenue to explore their limits, they develop a sense of shame, and they constantly doubt themselves and what they are capable of. (Erik Erikson). However, it should be noted that at this stage that children throw tantrums, defiance, and stubbornness. In addition to that, children in this stage are vulnerable and will sometimes feel shame and possess low self-esteem in an att empt to learn new skills.The third development stage is initiative against guilt. As children proceed from age three to five, they assert themselves more firmly and frequently. Children at this age became very vigor and vibrant that their parents and other people around them may perceive them as aggressive. The chief observation at this level of development is characterized by frequent interactions with other children at school. Interaction takes place as children engage in playing activities. At this stage, most children start making up games, planning activities and initiating activities with other children. Just like the two stages discussed earlier, if a child is continuously criticized, a child develops a sense of fear and guilt. Eventually, they end up feeling as if they are a nuisance and lack self-initiative. Mainly at this stage, the child has a growing appetite for knowledge. If parents attempt to limit this knowledge phase through unfavorable judgment or making them feel like a bother, the child formulates a sense of guilt and initiates slow interaction with other individuals.A parent should always ensure they maintain a precise balance between initiatory actions and guilt. The fourth stage is competence vs. inferiority. At this stage, children are aged between five to twelve years. At such a tender age children are greatly involved in reading and writing. Through this stage, teachers play a significant role in teaching children new skills. At this stage, children are greatly influenced by the peer groups. Therefore, the major source of self-esteem is the peer group. In an attempt to gain approval by members in their peer, children begin demonstrating particular competencies valued by members of the society. By so doing, they formulate a sense of superbia in their accomplishments. At this stage, it is rather clear that the child strongly feels the need to get a favourable reception from other people. When such initiative is emphasized, children form ulate a sense of self-confidence (Branck, 1979). They feel industrious and with an urge to pursue their goals. However, if a child is discouraged at this stage, he or she feels inferior and plants a seed of doubt in his ability to accomplish anything.The fifth stage is identity vs. Role confusion. This is normally the adolescence stage between age twelve and eighteen years (Burston, 2007). The adolescence stage is normally referred to as the transition period from adulthood to childhood. At this level of development, children are more sure footed and autonomous. As a result, they are more focused on their careers, relationships, housing, and families. At this juncture, the individual not only wants to belong to society, but he or she also wants to fit in. This is a very significant stage in development since children recognize the roles they ...

Crime in Urban America Essay - 1051 Words

Crime in Urban America has been around for many years, it is atrocious and there are many reasons why people commit these crimes. Crime is a big issue all around the world and while there is more production of drugs and loss of jobs, the crime rate will continue to increase day by day. While there are many motives that contribute to crime the most obvious causes would be poverty which causes the poor to adapt into a violent and aggressive behavior to which later becomes ingrained into them. The environment where a person grows up in which could consist of gangs that participate in illegal activities. Abuse of drugs or alcohol attribute to crime because people commit abominable crimes while under the influence. The anger that an individual†¦show more content†¦The environment of where a person was raised is another leading cause of crime. When someone grows up in a place where they see all these bad things happening in their society it serves as a role model to them and they adapt other people’s actions. Growing up in a household where somebody does not have parents or a guardian telling them what is right from wrong leads you to do the unthinkable because they do not have any family direction showing you the right way to live life.† One of the most important environmental factors during childhood development is that of socialization or the way a child is ‘taught’ how to act†(Chemistry Web) Lack of faith causes a person to think of violence as their only way to get attention. When someone has no religious values, they think of all the bad things that are bothering them instead of the good that they can bring into their life. Gangs in an environment are a big cause of bringing crime to a society because they are the people who do the most outrageous crimes. 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Report On Financial Modeling And Business Forecasting Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 12 Words: 3529 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? In this FMBF essay, three equity market price indices, including FTSE350, TOPIX and OMX HELSINKI (OMXH), will be studied based on time series. For the accuracy of conclusion, this essay will use last decade data because latest available information and large sample can contribute to the precision of the study. Because the tradeoff between significant ARCH effects with very high order from daily data and low order but less significant ARCH effects due to the monthly data, the frequency of weekly data is more appropriate. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Report On Financial Modeling And Business Forecasting Finance Essay" essay for you Create order In addition, closing data on Friday can avoid some evitable bias and result in higher reliability of the information. Therefore, the weekly data from Jan 2th 1998 to April 10th 2009 downloaded from DataStream will be used in this report. Instead of themselves, the natural logs of FTSE350, TOPIX and OMX HELSINKI (OMXH) equity market price indices will be used in this essay. This report will first test the unit root of three stock markets use Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) test based on perrons testing procedure, and then it will find out the appropriate univariate model for estimating equity market returns of the three. After that, EG approach will used for testing cointegration between three indices. Where after, it will test whether there are the ARCH effects exist in the OMXH index, and re-estimate the appropriate univariate model mentioned above for OMXH index with a GARCH model. And, this report will use the last 15 observations to forecast the conditional mean and the conditio nal variance. Finally, it will critically compare the performance of the forecasts of different GARCH processes (eg, EGARCH, h_t GARCH) under same model. Unit root test Keeping the stationary of variables is an important condition of regression. When the data is not stationary, there is one or some unit roots exist in time series data. The presence of unit root will cause the problem of spurious regression. Usually, people can use one of two methods to test unit roots, either Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) test approach (Said and Dickey, 1984), which developed from Dickey-Fuller (DF) approach (Dickey and Fuller, 1979), or Philip-Perron test created by Perron in 1998. The Perrons testing procedure increase restriction step by step, so that eliminate unnecessary parameters like trend and constant (these reductions of parameters will change the critical values of testing and reduce bias) and finally get precise conclusions (Harris and Sollis, 2003). Table 1.Perrons (1988) testing procedure using the DF test (unknown d.g.p.) C:DOCUME~1ADMINI~1LOCALS~1Temp7QWX`ZNVV)$8DZW6Y7_RD{P.jpgSource: Harris and Sollis, 2003 In this essay, it will use ADF test by using Perrons testing procedure to reduce bias. The only different between DF test and ADF test is the regressions of latter one have a new parameter Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“ Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢ i Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾yt-1. Figure1. Perrons Procedure of Unit Root Test C:[emailprotected]]J9K_61XW(E6)S3.jpg Source: Harris and Sollis, 2003 At first step, unit root will be tested based on . This essay will choose the model with appropriate number of lags based on lowest Akaikes Information Criterion (AIC) values for three indices. Then, compare t values of selected model with critical value at 95% significant level. From the results given by Pc Give, the null hypothesis of unit root cannot be rejected, the test process should continue. The appropriate number of lags is 7 for FTSE 350 and OMXH, 2 for TOPIX. Table 2. Step 1 in Perrons testing procedure FTSE 350 TOPIX OMXH (1) t-value -1.336 -0.9436 -2.031 (table) 5% critical value -3.42 Accept Accept Accept At second step, this report will do OLS by using regression used in first step of procedure and regression without trend. Based on F statistic value and of two regressions, we can found that the later one is better. All three indices cannot reject null hypothesis and move on to next step. Table 3. Step 2 in Perrons testing procedure FTSE 350 TOPIX OMXH (2) F-value 0.26500 0.64474 0.73237 (table) 5% critical value 6.25 Accept Accept Accept (2a) t-value 5% standard normal t critical value 1.96 At the third step, it test unit root with ADF test based on the model without trend. All three indices still cannot reject the null hypothesis. Table 4. Step 3 in Perrons testing procedure FTSE 350 TOPIX OMXH (3) t-value -1.400 -1.113 -2.312 (table) 5% critical value -2.86 Accept Accept Accept At the fourth step, we can found that constant is not the necessary part of the model when compare models and. All three indices can accept the null hypothesis and the test process should be continued. Table 5. Step 4 in Perrons testing procedure FTSE 350 TOPIX OMXH (4) F-value 1.0622 0.75515 2.6918 (table) 5% critical value 4.59 Accept Accept Accept (4a) t-value 5% standard normal t critical value 1.96 Finally, it tests unit root in the model without constant and trend by using ADF test. From table 2, we can see that all three indices are non-stationary, and there are must be some unit roots in them. Table 6. Step 5 in Perrons testing procedure FTSE350 TOPIX OMXH (4a) t-value 5% standard normal t critical value 1.96 (5) t-value -0.4605 -0.6288 0.06988 (table) 5% critical value -1.94 Accept Accept Accept Univariate model The purpose of this part is to identify an appropriate univariate model to estimate equity market returns in time series. This report will use Box-Jenkins methodology (Box and Jenkins, 1970) for time series model building. The procedure includes three stages: identification, model estimation and diagnostic checking. The first step is identification: the first order difference of the nature log of PI is market return. Because only stationary data can used in ARMA time series models, before ARMA model estimation, this essay will use ADF test to check the unit roots of market returns. The ACF and PACF diagrams may help to find appropriate ARMA model. The second step is model estimation: we should pick up the most appropriate model from a number of set possible ARMA models estimated by using Pc Give. In this stage, we should compare p-values and choose the model that most coefficients of parameters are significant from zero. The third step is diagnostic checking, it will test the efficiency of ARMA model selected in the second stage. It should test whether both additional lags are significant or not. According to Harris and Sollis (2003), only all additional parameters are insignificant, the original ARMA(p,q) model is efficient. Moreover, the residuals should be white noise for an adequate model. In this report, AIC will be used as one criteria to select appropriate model. 2.1 FTSE350 Identification According to the results of ADF test from Pc Give, market returns of FTSE350 are stationary. The actual series, ACF and PACF diagrams prove the results from ADF test that the FTSE 350 market return has no unit root at all. Table 7. ADF test on market return of FTSE350 index FTSE350 t-value -9.526 5% critical value -3.42 Reject Figure 2. Actual series and ACF, PACF of DLFTSE350 GiveWin Graphics 1.emf Estimation Compared with other models, ARMA (1, 1) seems to be appropriate. Based on p-values, most coefficients are significant. And residuals are white noise. DLFTSE350t=-0.0002577150.913851DLFTSE350t-1+0.854708 Diagnostic Overfitting Information from table indicated that ARMA (1, 1) is the correct one. The additional parameters AR2 and MA2 in ARMA (2, 1) and ARMA (1, 2) are insignificant. Both ARMA (2, 1) and ARMA (1, 2) should be rejected. Table 8. Overfitting test on ARMA (1,1) model Model Statistic t-value p-value result ARMA(2,1) AR_2 0.503 0.615 insignificant ARMA(1,2) MA_2 0.503 0.615 Insignificant Residual analysis Under Ljung-Box test statistic (Qk), Chi^2(21) = 28.353 [0.1304] in model ARMA (1, 1) provides evidence that residuals are white noise and independent. Figure 3. Actual series, ACF and PACF of DLFTSE350s residuals Giv eWin Graphicsftse350.emf AIC Value When compared the AIC values of ARMA (1, 1), ARMA (2, 1) and ARMA (1, 2), we can found that ARMA (1, 1) is the model with lowest AIC value and should be selected. It is consistent with the results above. Table 9. AIC of ARMA (p, q) ARMA(1,1) ARMA(2,1) ARMA(1,2) AIC -4.52046242 -4.5174036 -4.51740249 2.2 TOPIX Identification The results from Pc Give shows that market return series of TOPIX is stationary. Figure 4 provides the actual series, ACF and PACF diagrams from Pc Give. All information is consistent with the idea of no unit-root in TOPIX market return. Table 10. ADF test on market return of TOPIX index TOPIX t-value -16.14 5% critical value -3.42 Reject Figure 4. Actual series and ACF and PACF of DLTOPIX GiveWin Graphics2.emf Estimation We can found that ARMA (1, 1) is the best one in ARMA models. Most of coefficients of parameters in ARMA (1, 1) are significant from zero based on P values. DLTOPIXt=-0.000570574-0.530279 DLTOPIXt-1+0.448276 Diagnostic Overfitting The p-values of both additional parameters AR_2 and MA_2 are greater than 0.05, it means that the coefficients of AR_2 and MA_2 are not significant at 95% significant level. So we should reject ARMA (2, 1) and ARMA (1, 2) in favor of ARMA (1, 1). Table 11. Overfitting test on ARMA (1,1) model Model Statistic t-value p-value result ARMA(2,1) AR_2 1.05 0.296 insignificant ARMA(1,2) MA_2 -0.00 1.000 insignificant Residual analysis From Portmanteau(23): Chi^2(21)= 21.585 [0.4238] in ARMA (1, 1) model, we can find that there is no serial correlation between residuals and they are white noise. None of bar chart i n ACF or PACF exceeds standard error bounds. Figure 5. Actual series, ACF, PACF of DLTOPIXs residuals GiveWin Graphicstopix.emf AIC value The result of AIC is same as the outcome mentined above. Based o AIC, we can found that ARMA (1, 1) is the best model with lowest AIC value. Table 12. AIC of ARMA (p, q) ARMA(1,1) ARMA(2,1) ARMA(1,2) AIC -4.24323212 -4.24138739 4.23974138 2.3OMXH (OMX HELSINKI) Identification Market return of OMXH is stationary from ADF test. And the figure 6 shows the actual series, ACF and PACF of DLOMXH by using Pc Give. It provide positive evidence that there is no unit root in DLOMXH (market return) Table 13. ADF test on market return of OMXH index OMXH t-value -7.920 5% critical value -3.42 Reject Figure 6. Actual series, ACF, PACF of DLOMXHs residuals GiveWin Graphics3.emf Estimation Based on results from Pc Give, we can found that the most appropriate model is ARMA (2, 2) for OMX HELSINKI (OMXH). Most coefficients of parameters are significant from zero at 95% significant level with evidence that most P values of them are less than 0.05. DLOMXHt=0.000804126+1.52249DLOMXHt-1-0.662672DLOMXHt-2-1.53479 +0.708503 Diagnostic Overfitting Looking at p-values, we can found that ARMA (3, 2) and ARMA (2, 3) should be rejected because the coefficients of additional parameters AR_3 and MA_3 are both insignificant from zero. Table 14. Overfitting test on ARMA (2,2) model Model Statistic t-value p-value result ARMA(3,2) AR_3 0.932 0.352 insignificant ARMA(2,3) MA_3 0.604 0.546 insignificant Residual analysis We can see that Portmanteau (23): Chi^2(19) = 28.866 [0.0681]. When translating numerical result to written words, it means residuals are not serial correlated and close to white noise. ACF and PACF are within two standard error bounds. Figure 7.Actual series, ACF, PACF of DLMOXHs residuals GiveWin Graphicsresidualomxh.emf AIC value Under the method that chooses the model with lowest AIC value, still ARMA (2, 2) should be the best model. Table 16. AIC of ARMA (p, q) ARMA(2,2) ARMA(3,2) ARMA(2,3) AIC -3.34659081 -3.33848893 -3.34351931 Cointegration 3.1Key steps in EG approach There are two common methodologies on cointegration test: Engle-Granger approach and Johansen approach. EG approach can but can only adopted in single equation with two variables, and Johansen approach is used in multivariate system. In this report, it will pursue EG approach. Firstly, it will outline the procedure of EG approach. And then, it will test the cointegration between each two indices. In theory, C:DOCUME~1ADMINI~1LOCALS~1TempKXB{][email  protected]/* */)W.jpgis the only static model that necessary to be estimated to exam the long-run relationship between Yt and Xt. Before do the cointegration test, the order of integration of each other index should be test. If all data are belong to I(0), there will no cointegtaion between them; if variables are belong to I(1), it estimate the model mentioned above by using OLS regression. In the second step, it will test unit roots in the residuals with ADF test. When there is no cointegration between two variables, residual is belongs to I(1). If the residuals is belongs to I(0), it means that cointegration relationship exist in that single equation. What is important here is the critical values used by ADF are calculated by MacKinnon (1991). Critical value can be calculated by following the model C:DOCUME~1ADMINI~1LOCALS~1Temp641N%ER][email  protected]/* */[DB.jpg. It can get the appropriate critical value for test including residuals from OLS equation if the number of regressors (constant and trend are not included) from 1 to 6. If the cointegration existed in long-run relationship between two variables, we should estimate the simple dynamic model of short-run adjustments. In this report, it will use equilibrium correlation model (ECM) of dynamic model. In this step, the speed of adjustment for regression will be obtained. (Harris and Sollis, 2003) Test for integration of each two indices Three indices are all integrated of order 1, or we can call I (1), because the natural logs of them are not stationary and the first order difference of the natural logs of them are stationary. 3.2FTSE350 and TOPIX Firstly, it regress LFTSE350 on LTOPIX and a constant by using OLS regression. Then, save the cointegration regression residual in database as residual1. After that, test residual1 with ADF. We can see that the number of regressors is 1 (excluding constant). We choose model based on the idea of the lowest AIC value. From the table of ADF test, residual 1 is stationary and thus variables are cointegrated. Also, figure 8 from Pc Give shows persistent but stationary residuals. In short, these two indices are cointegrated. Constant and no trend, n=1 C(p)=-2.8621-2.738/563-8.36/563^2= = -2.86699 Table 16. ADF test on residual 1 Residual 1 t-value -3.181 5% critical value -2.86699 Reject Figure 8. Residuals from Cointegration regression between FTSE350 and TOPIX GiveWin GraphicsEG1.emf ECM The coefficient of residual provides information on the speed of adjustment. The number 0.0448954, which is significant from zero, means the adjustment for the regression. (See Appendix) 3.3TOPIX and OMXH Regress LTOPIX on LOMXH and a constant by using OLS. Then, save the cointegration regression residual in database as residual2. After that, use ADF to test residual. The number of regressors is 1 (excluding constant). We choose model based on the idea of the lowest AIC value and the t-value is-2.622. We found out that -2.86699 is less -2.622, the residual2 is non-stationary and two indices are not cointegrated. In addition, from graph, the residual2 provides clear information about stationary or non-stationary of data. In conclusion, there is no cointegration between TOPIX and OMXH. Constant and no trend, n=1 C(p)=-2.8621-2.738/563-8.36/563^2= = -2.86699 Table 17. ADF test on residual 2 Residual 2 t-value -2.622 5% critical value -2.86699 Accept Figure 9. Residuals from Cointegration regression between TOPIX and OMXH GiveWin GraphicsEG2.emf 3.4FTSE350 and OMXH Regress LFTSE on LOMXH and a constant by using OLS. Then, save the cointegration regression residual in database as residual3. After that, use ADF to test residual3. The number of regressors is 1 (excluding constant). From table of ADF test on residual 3, two indices are not cointegraed because the residual3 is non-stationary. From figure 10, it does not provide strong evidence for stationary. So, these two indices are not cointegrated. Constant and no trend, n=1 C(p)=-2.8621-2.738/563-8.36/563^2= = -2.86699 Table 18. ADF test on residual 3 Residual 3 t-value -2.278 5% critical value -2.86699 Accept Figure 10. Residuals from Cointegration regression between FTSE350 and OMXH GiveWin GraphicsEG3.emf ARCH and GARCH 4.1 ARCH effect and ARCH model This report will only discuss the OMXH stock market index in this section. Due to the limitation of Pc Give, it cannot deal with ARMA model of DLOMXH directly, but change it to AR model at first. Compared with other AR models, the AR (7) model is the best. DLOMXHt=0.000839271-0.00444882DLOMXHt-1+0.0369747DLOMXHt-2+ 0.0307856DLOMXHt-3+0.0258150DLOMXHt-4+0.141961DLOMXHt-5 +0.0693818 DLOMXHt-6 -0.0841123 DLOMXHt-7 Under Ljung-Box test statistic (Qk), Portmanteau (23): Chi^2(16)=15.328 [0.5007] in AR (7) indicates that residuals are independent and white noise. The ACF and PACF support the above result. None of bar chart is passing beyond the significant lines. Figure 11. ACF, PACF of AR (7) model on DLOMXH GiveWin Graphicsomxh ar.emf Before the formal test on ARCH effects in residuals of DLOMXH, the ACF and PACF graphs of squared residuals of DLOMXH provide evidences that ARCH effects exist in DLOMXH residuals. Figure 12. Squared residuals actual series, ACF and PACF GiveWin Graphicsomxh42.emf After the informal test of ARCH effects in residuals of DLOMXH based on ACF and PACF, it will test ARCH effects more academic. This report use Pc Give to test ARCH effect in lower order and higher order, and the results point out that there are ARCH effects in lower and higher order. ARCH 1-1 test: F(1,566) = 12.071 [0.0006]** ARCH 1-6 test: F(6,556) = 4.8959 [0.0001]** After ARCH effect test, the report tries to estimate an appropriate ARCH model. In this stage, it selects Volatility Models and chooses 7 as the lags of length. From ARCH1 to ARCH8, we can found that the Chi^2 becomes to be better and better, while the p-value of parameters are becomes to be worse and worse. None of the ARCH model can fit the data well. 4.2GARCH Model According to Brooks (2008), GARCH models can overcome some problems faced in the process of using ARCH models. GARCH (p, q) model with p and q values can fit the data better than ARCH (m) model with a high m value. It still uses Volatility Model with 7 lags as ARCH model used. At first, it gets the numerical information of GARCH (1, 1) model, GARCH (2, 1) model and GARCH (1, 2) from Volatility package of Pc Give. When checking the F distribution values and Chi^2 values of three models, it can found that all are acceptable (values are significant from zero). Unfortunately, there are some data missing related to parameters in all three models. So, it cannot compare p values of parameters to choose best model. Instead, it will use information includes results of ARCH tests, Portmanteau statistic of squared scaled residuals, log-likelihood and AIC values to find a better one. Table19.Compareable information of GARCH(p, q) GARCH(1,1) GARCH(2,1) GARCH(1,2) AIC -3.599 89604 -3.60415615 -3.59636247 log-likelihood 1029.77058 1031.97619 1029.77058 Portmanteau(23): Chi^2(21)=16.696 [0.7293] Chi^2(20)=14.329 [0.8135] Chi^2(20)= 16.696 [0.6726] ARCH 1-2 test: F(2,551)=0.10648 [0.8990] F(3,548)=0.075153 [0.9734] F(3,548) = 0.15031 [0.9295] Compared with other GARCH models, we can find that GARCH (2, 1) model is better; even neither model can fit data very well. GARCH (2, 1) is the model with lowest AIC value. The highest log-likelihood value in this model indicates that it can fit data best in the three. All of three Chi^2 are significant from zero, which means there are no relationships between residuals and they are white noise. The numbers in brackets are p values of Chi^2. The higher the value the greater evidence of white noise of squared scaled residuals. The ARCH effect test F distribution values are related to whether there are ARCH effects in squared scaled residuals. Similar with the Portmanteau sta tistic, a higher number in bracket means greater support of none ARCH effects in squared scaled residuals. 4.3Forecast with GARCH Models In this section, the last 15 observations will used to forecast the conditional mean and variances. SD (Standard Derivation Error) RMSE (Root Mean Square Error) and MAPE (Mean Absolute Percentage Error) will adopted to evaluate the accuracy of forecasting based on different GARCH models. A model with better data fitting is always has lower SD (Error). A low MSE indicates a better fit of GARCH model on time series data. MAPE is another indicator of accuracy on data fitting of GARCH model. When the value decreases, the model can fit the data better. In addition, the model with lower MAPE can predict the trend of data. The power to measure the data fitting of models is increasing from SD (Error), RMSE to MAPE. EGARCH (2, 1), GJR GARCH (2, 1) and H_TGARCH (2, 1) models were established to evaluate the efficiency of GARCH (2, 1). All can pass the processes of ARCH effect tests and white noise tests. Because GARCH model used to measure volatility of data, the ability of forecasting on co nditional mean is limited, and the key capability is volatility measurement. All models are doing badly in conditional mean forecasting: the predict graph can provide very limited information about conditional means that all are close to zero in the forecasting period and. When compared with forecasting capability, we can see that GJR GARCH (2, 1) is the model with lowest MAPE and second small RMSE. It indicates that GJR GARCH (2, 1) has strongest power for forecast. Table 20. RMSE and MAPE SD (Error) RMSE MAPE GARCH(2,1) 0.055276 0.055772 91.742 EGARCH(2,1) 0.055429 0.055814 91.422 GJR GARCH(2,1) 0.055220 0.055645 90.988 H_TGARACH(2,1) 0.055236 0.055396 94.793 Figure 13. GARCH(2, 1) forecast on conditional mean and variance THGARCH(2,1).emf Figure 14. EGARCH(2, 1) forecast on conditional mean and variance EGARCH(2,1).emf Figure 15. GJR GARCH(2, 1) forecast on conditional mean and variance th2,1.emf Fig ure 16. h_tGARCH (2, 1) forecast on conditional mean and variance GARCH(2,1)FORECAST.emf Reference Brooks, C., 2008. Introductory Econometrics for Finance. 2th edition. Cambridge. Dickey, D.A. and Fuller, W.A., 1979. Distribution of the estimators for autoregressive time series with a unit root. Journal of the American Statistical Association 74:427-431. Dickey, D.A. and Fuller, W.A., 1981. Likelihood ratio statistics for autoregressive time series with a unit root. Jouranl of Econometrica 49:1057-1072. Harris, R. and Sollis, R., 2003. Applied Time Series Modelling and Forecasting, John Wiley Sons, New York. MacKinnon, J., 1991. Critical values for co-integration tests, in R.F. Engle and C.W.J. Granger. Long-Run Economic Relationships: 267-276, Oxford University Press, Oxford ,UK. Perron, P., 1988. Trends and random walks in macroeconomic time series ¼Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚ ¡Further evidence from a new approach. Journal of Economic Dynamics and Contro 12:297-332. Said, S.E. and Dickey D.A., 1984. Testing for unit roots in autoregressive-moving average models of unknow n order. Biometrika 71: 599-607.

Abortion A Controversial Issue - 911 Words

Abortion is a controversial issue in many countries all the time and there are always two sides of abortion. Pro-life supporters believe that abortion is immoral, so they argue that it should be illegal because an unborn baby is life. However, they do not figure out that woman who is on the inevitable situation such as infection, rape, or extreme poverty would still have the abortion even though the abortion is illegal. Many women die due to unsafe abortion, which is illegal and performed by uneducated people. Therefore, the abortion should be legal to protect the life of ‘alive women’ because women’s life is equal to human’s right. I would like to provide more affirmative bases to support abortion in this paper. Women have right to control their own bodies and decisions. As human free will, women can determine their decision for their future. It is sometimes inevitable to maintain their lifestyle that they have before they become pregnant. Although pregna nt is the responsibility of both, woman and man, as a result of having sex, women should give up their career or study because pregnancy and childbirth are not as easy at all as just people generally think. Furthermore, women who have the abortion are in difficult condition, which is the unwanted. The Guttmacher institute research said that unintended or unplanned pregnancies were 41 percent of national pregnancies (Abortion Worldwide: A Decade of Uneven Progress). This high rate is from the unavoidable inability ofShow MoreRelatedThe Controversial Issue Of Abortion878 Words   |  4 Pagesrecent discussions of abortion, the controversial issue has become whether or not women should be given the right to take their unborn child’s life away. Many believe in all having the right to live while others believe in the right to be given a choice. Women do not want to be given restrictions, they want to be able to have a voice when making decisions. With abortion women have a hard t ime making their decision based upon the judgement others make if the decision of abortion is followed throughRead MoreAbortion : A Controversial Issue1256 Words   |  6 PagesAbortion is a very controversial issue. To first start out abortion is the deliberate termination of a woman’s pregnancy, most often performed within the first 22 weeks of pregnancy. People can either be pro-choice or pro-life for abortion. Being pro-choice means that people believe that it is a woman’s choice to get an abortion if they want one. Pro-life means people believe no matter what if a woman is pregnant they should have the baby; no abortion. I intent to explain why women who get pregnantRead MoreAbortion : A Controversial Issue Of Abortion Essay2668 Words   |  11 PagesAbortion is terminating a pregnancy before the fetus has been born. Abortion has been and still is very controversial and has had an increasing amount of cases all over the world. In 2000 there were over one million abortions in the United States (Harper, et al., 501). Abortion is one of the most common procedures women undergo. According to the current abortion rates about thirty percent of women will have an abortion by the age of forty-five (Jones and Kavanaugh, 2011). Most abortions are attributedRead MoreThe Controversial Issue Of Abortion1555 Words   |  7 Pagestopic of abortion in the United States has been and remains one of the most controversial issues in western culture and politics. An abortion can be defined as the expulsion of a fetus from the uterus before it can survive on its own. This comprises two major forms of abortion: spontaneous, which is often referred to as a miscarriage or induced abortion, which is the deliberate termination of a pregnancy. The term is commonly used to refer to the induced abortion, and this is the abortion, which hasRead MoreThe Controversial Issue Of Abortion865 Words   |  4 Pages Today, people have the right to voice their thoughts regarding a topic, rather they’re different or alike, creating a new philosophy about it, or supporting the traditional belief. In regards to the topic, Abortion has been a subject of controversial matters. Some believing they have the right to do such an act while others would absolutely disagree. Before supporting such an act or not, we typically take into consideration the goods and bads of the action first. While taking a life might be oneRead MoreAbortion : A Controversial Issue843 Words   |  4 PagesAbortion Abortion has been a very controversial issue in the United States for the past several decades. Many people think that is it morally wrong. To say that something is morally wrong is an opinion. Since everyone’s opinions are different on this topic there have been many court cases and protests against abortion. However there are a lot of people out there that believe that abortion is a rightful decision. My personal opinion on the abortion controversy is that every woman should have theRead MoreAbortion : A Controversial Issue989 Words   |  4 Pagesaverage total of abortions performed annually in America (operationrescue.org). Abortion is a very controversial issue in the United States and all across the globe. First, I will discuss the different types of abortion. Next, I will explain when the abortions are performed. Then, I will share some of the laws regarding abortion in the United States. Finally, I will express my views on abortion. Abortion should be illegal in all states. First, I will discuss the various types of abortion. There are threeRead MoreAbortion: a Controversial Issue1159 Words   |  5 PagesAbortion: A Controversial Issue One of the major controversial issues confronting the society today is abortion. I choose abortion as the topic of discussion since it contradicts my values and beliefs. Abortion is the extraction of the human fetus from the mothers womb with an intention to end the life of that fetus prior to its natural birth. The controversy surrounding abortion is whether it should be legalized or not? In my opinion, abortion is morally and ethically wrong because it leadsRead MoreAbortion : A Controversial Issue882 Words   |  4 Pagesconsider abortion as a rightful act, and abortion is a name of destroying human life. Now a days our society faces several types of issues Abortion is one of the complicated issue for both ways health and society that’s why abortion become a very controversial issue that’s become debatable in politics. In addition, these researches will describe the different issues of abortion, such as, legal laws on abortion, restriction of abortions, rate of ab ortion and consequences of the abortion. Abortion isRead MoreThe Controversial Issue Of Abortions1443 Words   |  6 Pageslooking at them. This includes their reproductive system, which worldwide has caused many controversial issues that will be further looked upon throughout this paper. When the word â€Å"Abortion† is heard, a heated argument often arises between couples, families, governments, and most commonly throughout women’s minds around the world. Over the past hundred years, the topic of abortions has been an ongoing issue. Many people agree to this practice, while others see it as completely absurd. In the past

Essay about The Odyssey - 924 Words

The life of a God, forever bliss, complete happiness: Odysseus slights all of these things in order for him to return to his loving wife and son. The concept of true commitment was a very commendable quality for a Greek hero to possess. With this character trait, Odysseus models the ideal husband, father, and leader. Unfortunately, in today’s society, one rarely encounters such outstanding morality. Being raised in an explicit society, a decrease in certain morals has become fashionable. In particular, the college experience has become accepted as the â€Å"wild times† of one’s life. Certain activities ordinarily shunned are now perceived as a learning experience when involving a college student. Drugs and alcohol abuse are commonplace around†¦show more content†¦But let him have no company, gods or men, Only a raft that he must lash together, And after twenty days, worn out at sea, He shall make land upon the garden aisle. (263) This edict of Zeus summarizes the journey Odysseus makes in order to return home. He endures dire hardships to make the journey home, yet he still chooses to continue forward. Although Odysseus accepts this hardship as a mere speed bump, many people today would not prevail through such adversity. A knack for finding the easy way out has seemed to blossom as the one uniform skill possessed by most young people today. With today’s technology, a person rarely spends an afternoon by himself, and if so, would not like it. With this in mind, choosing to continue on with the journey in present times would be much harder of a decision to make than in ancient times. Another problem around school campuses is the growing rate of alcohol and drug abuse amongst students. Extreme marijuana usage has taken claim to many victims. The drug may not kill the person using it, but it does kill motivation. The drug becomes a part of the user’s life, and the user will eventually become lethargic. This lethargy continues to increase until most productive activities are eliminated. Although Odysseus’s crew did not have marijuana on their ship, his crew did encounter a drug that posed a similar threat. Odysseus explains the drug, â€Å"but those who ate this honeyed plant, the Lotus,/ never cared to report,Show MoreRelatedThe Odyssey739 Words   |  3 PagesIn Greek Mythology, women were either very fierce or very weak. Women were usually defined by wits, beauty, or bad deeds. In The Odyssey women were not in the background. On the contrary, women were powerful. They charmed and controlled men, provided wisdom, and took care of them. The Odyssey appears to be strongly female based. Penelope is the wife of Odysseus who is the king of Ithaca. When Odysseus is called off to the Trojan War Penelope shows great faithfulness and wit. She stays faithfulRead MoreThe Odyssey1243 Words   |  5 PagesThe Odyssey In Homer’s epic, The Odyssey, each culture treats strangers and guests with distinct differences from every other culture. One of the most hospitable cultures was that of the ancient Greeks, exemplified in Homer s The Odyssey by both gracious hosts and guests. In Greece and The Odyssey, not only was good hospitality etiquette expected, but the added pressure that if they didn’t treat their guests with respect the gods would punish them further compelled excellent manners. The OdysseyRead MoreThe Odyssey1315 Words   |  6 PagesThe Odyssey has captured minds for over 2700 years, and the story of Odysseus shows his determination to fight and conquer obstacles with and without the help of the Gods. The story dates back before 1000B.c. (The Modern Library, 1950, p.VI) His creative and cunning tactics throughout the story show his determination to reach his homeland of Ithaca. After conquering the Trojan War, Odysseus was told by Poseidon â€Å"man is nothing without the gods†. Poseidon felt Odysseus was not thankful for Poseidon’sRead MoreThe Odyssey By Homer s Odyssey Essay1314 Words   |  6 Pages8th century, The Odyssey, is Homer s epic of Odysseus 10-year struggle to return home after the Trojan War. Odysseus defining character traits, such as nobility, courage, thirst for the glory and the appealing confidence in his authority dominated the storyline throughout. The many themes of this epic mainly focus around the Greek hero Odysseus however in my essay I will attempt to analyze hospitality. Hospitality shaped an important part of social interactions in The Odyssey. Although Greek societyRead MoreOdyssey Death and Rebirth in the Odyssey1402 Words   |  6 PagesThe Odyssey, by Homer, is a classical piece of Greek literature. Throughout The Odyssey, the Blind Bard makes use of many literary techniques in order to lend meaning to the poem beyond its existence as a work of historic fiction and aid his readers in the comprehension of the tale. One of these techniques is the use of motifs. A motif is a recurring theme that is used throughout the work. In The Odyssey, Homer makes use of many motifs including eating/drinking, Odysseus sRead MoreThe Odyssey1006 Words   |  5 PagesThe Odyssey, one of the most well known epic stories Introduces Odysseus, the King of Ithaca. This story demonstrates Odysseus’s physical and intellectual strength. Striving to return home after 20 years of his treacherous journey, he uses strength, skill, and superior ability to overcome his troubles. Although he faced numerous obstacles and fought many battles, he made it appoint to get home to his kingdom through his physical ability, intellectual insight, and overcoming his epic flaw. InRead MoreThe Odyssey By Homer s Odyssey1267 Words   |  6 PagesLife in The Odyssey In The Odyssey, Odysseus is constantly being challenged. He is being challenged, so Homer can show us the standards for life in The Odyssey. There is no doubt that Odysseus is a great man, Homer even says so in the beginning lines of the text. Although Odysseus is a great man, he also makes mistakes but not any that he doesn t pay for. We learn the representation of life in The Odyssey through Odysseus challenges. Throughout the book, Odysseus specifically struggles with arroganceRead MoreThe Odyssey By Homer s Odyssey848 Words   |  4 Pagesin their way. This is not a new thought; however, even the Greeks before Christ felt this way. In Homer’s Odyssey, many of the characters express the troubles that the gods have caused them, and the gods argue the exact opposite. The gods claim, â€Å"Mortals! They are always blaming the gods for their troubles when their own witlessness causes them more than they were destined for.† The Odyssey demonstrates that humans and not the gods are responsible for their own strife. Odysseus exemplifies how menRead MoreHomer s Odyssey : The Odyssey1236 Words   |  5 Pagesextend his journey in The Odyssey by several years. Homer constructs Odysseus by attributing both godly and human characteristics to him, allowing readers to admire him while simultaneously relating to him. The combination of these revered traits coined Odysseus as being an omnicompetent man, polumetis, in the eyes of the Mycenaean’s and in the eyes of most modern day readers. This shows that the popularity of Odysseus transcends time; however, modern interpretations of The Odyssey in cinematic productionsRead MoreThe Odyssey By Homer s Odyssey1667 Words   |  7 Pages During, Homer’s, The Odyssey many strengths were tested throughout the entire book. This book was a mythological Greek folk tale that was created between the eleventh and eighth century B.C, therefore it is filled with many exaggerated stories about the Gods and treacherous adventures Odysseus had ventured on. H e encounters a cyclops and after battles a six-headed monster. His crew discovers their talent for making mistakes such as being turned into pigs by Circe and letting strong winds out of

A visual interpretation of the text of ‘sir gawain and the green knight’ Free Essays

I wrote the above illustration of text from Sir Gawain and the Green night in the way it is shown here to illustrate that in the first to the fourth lines there is a certain level of revelry and the fete in the text. The first to the fourth lines talk about partying and having fun hence my visual representation of the feeling that these lines conveyed.   Immediately on the fifth and sixth line, I notice a change in tone from the party atmosphere to the more toned down chivalrous tone. We will write a custom essay sample on A visual interpretation of the text of ‘sir gawain and the green knight’ or any similar topic only for you Order Now Despite the mention of humor and merrymaking in the firth and sixth lines, the presence of ‘Gawain’ and the ‘knight’ in these two lines give them a sense of conservativeness and tradition, so I used a more formal, less ‘noisy’ illustration of the text.   Finally, in the seventh and eighth lines the tone tapers off with the mention of ‘separation’ and the reference to sleeping.   So, from the party atmosphere that I illustrated in the initial lines, the tone of the text moves on to become more muted, and finally to taper off to nothing as everybody takes their leave. In this exercise I realized that there are certain emotions conveyed by the text in ‘Sir Gawain and the Green Knight’.   I believe that this is a quality of many pieces of poetry called imagery – this means that a visual image is conveyed by the text with the use of words. These images come from certain clues in the text that represent an emotion by encapsulating this emotion in a concrete image.   For instance, when a poet wants to convey joy, the poet would use words that would indicate that there is a party, as is the case in the first six lines.   From this exercise I learned to appreciate the value of the specificity of words in poetry – for a poet to convey an accurate emotion, the words used have to be very specific. This means that if the poet would like to convey ‘anger’ he/she cannot simply write ‘anger’ but categorize the intensity of that anger as well and find the word that best fits the degree of anger that needs to be expressed. In particular, this exercise also makes me realize that literature is not unintentional; all that a writer puts into his work is considered very carefully if not planned to the finest detail.   This is so because one thing that a writer should achieve in his work is to rig it in a way that the audience is led to feel the exact emotion that needs to be conveyed in the words. The same function of words could be used for many other purposes in literature such as revealing something or indicating a change in tone or atmosphere as is illustrated in the above example. However way words are used in literature, the writer should be conscious of what he/she is doing at all times otherwise; the images that a poem or a piece of literature conveys would be faulty or inaccurate.   I believe this particular quality of literature is called organic unity. The flow of any piece of literature is largely dependent on the proper arrangement and use of the words.   This means that for a writer to succeed in a particular piece of literature he/she has to be able to wield the ability or power of words to cause mental images to form in the reader’s mind. How to cite A visual interpretation of the text of ‘sir gawain and the green knight’, Papers

Implications of Genetically Modified Organism †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Implications of Genetically Modified Organism. Answer: Genetically modified organisms have advantages over its disadvantages because GM crops have insects or pests repelling quality which causes less use of dangerous and harmful pesticides and chemicals on food. Genetically modified crops have the ability to resist extreme and severe fluctuations in weather. So, a good and sufficient yield of crops can be grown in worse conditions of weather. GMO favors greater production of crops because genetically modified crops are very easy to grow, as its have the ability to repel the pests. This feature helps farmers to produce large amount of crops.(Amofah, 2014) Another advantage of GMO is that genetically modified animals and crops generally needs less time and chemicals to grow, which reduces environmental harms such as emission of greenhouse gas, soil erosion etc. With genetically modified organisms, deforestation can be reduced too. GMO was discovered with the help of genetic engineering thats why it make sure that the crops or animals will never be damaged in a fast rate. GMO provides considerable protection for crops and animals. According to Food and Agricultural organization of United Nation, The food produced by GM engineering has more nutritional values which can help to reduce the deficiency of nutrients like vitamins and minerals in food. Few more advantages are reduction in food price due to higher yield, development of new products, new crops etc.(Qiu, 2013) As explained there are many advantages of GMO over its disadvantages, So researchers should do more research on the products made from GMO and should find out how the disadvantages could be changed in advantages, as it is a useful procedure for the population. References Amofah, G. (2014). Recommendations from a Meeting on Health Implications of Genetically Modified Organism (GMO).Ghana Medical Journal, 48(2), p.117. Qiu, J. (2013). Genetically modified crops pass benefits to weeds.Nature.

Microsoft Essays (383 words) - Microsoft, Thomas Penfield Jackson

Microsoft Microsoft, the worlds largest company by market value, is accused of acting monopolistic in the computer software industry. Microsoft provides for eighty percent of the computers used, operating system. The operating system is a basic program that loads or boots up your computer to make it perform. Now this is where the government takes a strong stand in accusing Microsoft of causing a monopoly. In order for Word, Excel, Office, and many other programs to work, they have to be compatible to the Microsoft operating system. This means that a computer owner cannot select another company to be its operating system if it wants these programs. Might I also add that these programs are the top of the line in each of their categories. Since they are the elite programs, of course retailers are going to want the computers they are marketing to have Microsofts operating system. Not only has Microsoft taken control of the operating system, but it also has knocked Netscapes Navigator out of the lo op, replacing it with Internet Explorer, which is of course Bill Gates web browser. So therefore, Microsoft has cleverly created a monopoly by restricting its competition. Is this legal? The judge, Thomas Penfield Jackson, ruled the Microsoft did in fact act in a monopolistic fashion harming its consumers and destroying its competitors. Jackson ruled that Microsoft broke sections one and two of the Sherman Antitrust Act. The Sherman Antitrust Act was proposed in 1890 to prevent trusts from creating restraints on trade or commerce, and reducing competition. It was designed to maintain economic liberty. The sections Microsoft was accused of not abiding by was section two which states that Microsoft unlawfully maintained a monopoly in the worldwide market for Intel-compatible PC operating systems and attempted to monopolize the market for Web browsing software. Section one states that Microsoft unlawfully tied its web browsing software to its Window 95 and Window 98 operating system. Jackson ordered the company to be broken up within ninety days of the ruling and demanded that it follow strict rules of behavior called conduct remedies, even as it appeals his break-up decision. Jackson also is demanding the case be moved straight to the Supreme Court. In the meantime, Microsoft will be appealing Jacksons ruling. Current Events

Why Graduate From an MBA Course?

Why Graduate From an MBA Course?If you have to find a job as a teacher, then you should take advantage of the M.B.A. Sample Essay service provided by Stanford University and also enjoy the monetary benefits by taking up MBA courses online. You are assured of earning the degree in just one or two years, as long as you go through the job hunting process with great vigor.It is really challenging to secure a job when you are working as an MBA student. A lot of students take up MBA courses online as well as offline, because they believe that there is no job guarantee for students pursuing education. The truth is that MBA jobs are always in demand especially with new graduates because they can provide you with better job opportunities and salary to match your expectations.But there are few who don't believe this truth and fail to avail the services offered by MBA. They are, therefore, apprehensive about applying for the MBA course. While it is true that you have a greater possibility of la nding a good job after you have been admitted into an MBA program, you have to be persistent in order to get the desired results. You must remember that the availability of an MBA exam at any point of time is not possible.In fact, if you have tried looking for a job after completing your MBA course, you will understand the need for persistence. Every time a new job becomes available, you will be so much busy chasing for it that you won't have a chance to do the other things related to education. To find a job as soon as possible, you must focus on your studies while working towards this goal.The main advantage that you get from enrolling for an MBA course is the opportunity to earn money. You need not look for a job because there are many people who offer these services. So, it is actually up to you to choose the best MBA Company which provides you with the best rates, financial assistance and other perks. The basic things that you need to consider while choosing an MBA program incl ude its length, geographical location, length of study, course duration, and other facilities provided.Once you have decided upon an MBA program, you must do everything possible to ensure that you get into the best MBA course. If you don't have the time to devote to your studies then you can also make use of the online MBA coaching services which offer online tutoring services. You can also take advantage of the time feature of websites which offer you to login and start studying with its full attention.All in all, the advantages of going for an MBA degree are quite numerous. With the advantage of being well-rounded and having higher chances of landing jobs as well as earning more, going for MBA is definitely the best option. So, try out the services offered by this specific MBA program offered by Stanford University and other universities across the world.

personal strength and weakness essays

personal strength and weakness essays Everyone has certain qualities or traits that influence ones decisions, which can be either beneficial or detrimental. This is where personal strengths and weaknesses derive from or make each one of us unique. We need to be able to recognize not only our strengths, but also more importantly, our weaknesses. Weaknesses would be the area that we need to ask for help or assistance from others in order to grow and prosper as an individual. Life is a never-ending learning experience. One of the most important lessons we can ever learn from comes from within. As we go through life, it is essential that we learn who we are, and have the ability to recognize and grow from our own personal strengths and weaknesses. By identifying our personal strengths and weaknesses we can become successful in our professional life, as well as our personal. Personal strengths need to be reinforced in order to keep them affecting us in positive way. Weaknesses should be overcome in order to get us closer to our goal, and avoid slowing others down when you are part of a team. As we go through life, it is essential that we learn who we are. As part of my Navy training I was always forced to repeat Great leaders know their personal strengths, and look for people who will offset their weaknesses. Im sure our training commanders were quoting somebody, but I believe that the most important lessons we can ever learn come from within. One of my skills at work is the ability to follow directions without being reminded to repeat that same task. Getting things done right the first time is one of my primary missions. Another strength I have is in my ability to learn new tasks quickly. This is talent that is most helpful in my personal and professional life. I am a hard working individual and enjoy helping others. While at work, I am a team player and I do my best at completing the job correctl ...

How Vacancies in the US Congress are Filled

How Vacancies in the US Congress are Filled The methods for filling vacancies in the U.S. Congress vary greatly, and for good reason, between the Senate and the House of Representatives.   When a U.S. representative or senator leave Congress before the end of his or her term, are the people of their congressional district or state left without representation in Washington? Key Takeaways: Vacancies in Congress Vacancies in the U.S. Congress occur when a senator or representative dies, resigns, retires, is expelled, or is elected to another office before the end of their regular term.Most vacancies in the Senate can be filled immediately through an appointment made by the governor to the former senator’s state.Vacancies in the House can take as long as six months to fill, because representatives can only be replaced through a special election. Members of Congress; senators, and representatives, usually leave office before the end of their terms for one of five reasons: death, resignation, retirement, expulsion, and election or appointment to other government posts. Vacancies in the Senate While the U.S. Constitution does not mandate a method by which vacancies in the Senate are to be handled, vacancies can be filled almost immediately through an appointment made by the governor of the former senators state. The laws of some states require the governor to call a special election to replace U.S. senators. In states where replacements are appointed by the governor, the governor almost always appoints a member of his or her own political party. In some cases, the governor will appoint one of the states current U.S. representatives in the House to fill the vacant Senate seat, thus creating a vacancy in the House. Vacancies in Congress also occur when a member runs for and is elected to some other political office before his or her term is over. In 36 states, the governors appoint temporary replacements for vacant Senate seats. At the next regularly scheduled election, a special election is held to replace the temporary appointees, who may run for the office themselves. In the remaining 14 states, a special election is held by a specified date to fill the vacancy. Of those 14 states, 10 allow the governor the option of making an interim appointment to fill the seat until the special election is held.   Since Senate vacancies can be filled so quickly and each state has two senators, it is highly unlikely that a state would ever be without representation in the Senate. The 17th Amendment and Senate Vacancies Until ratification of the 17th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution in 1913, vacant seats in the Senate in the same way Senators themselves were chosen - by the states, rather than by the people. As originally ratified, the Constitution specified that Senators were to be appointed by the legislatures of the states rather than elected by the people. Similarly, the original Constitution left the duty of filling vacant Senate seats solely to the state legislatures. The framers felt that granting the states the power to appoint and replace senators would make them more loyal to the federal government and increase the new Constitution’s chances of ratification. However, when repeated lengthy Senate vacancies began to delay the legislative process, the House and Senate finally agreed to send the 17th Amendment requiring the direct election of senators to the states for ratification. The Amendment also established the current method of filling Senate vacancies through special elections. Vacancies in the House Vacancies in the House of Representatives typically take far longer to fill. The Constitution requires that member of the House be replaced only by an election held in the congressional district of the former representative. When vacancies happen in the Representation from any State, the Executive Authority thereof shall issue Writs of Election to fill such Vacancies. Article I, Section 2, Clause 4 of the U.S. Constitution According to the U.S. Constitution and state law, the governor of the state calls for a special election to replace the vacant House seat. The full election cycle must be followed including political party nominating processes, primary elections and a general election, all held in the congressional district involved. The entire process often takes as long as from three to six months. While a House seat is vacant, the office of the former representative remains open, its staff operating under the supervision of the Clerk of the House of Representatives. The people of the affected congressional district do not have voting representation in the House during the vacancy period. They can, however, continue to contact former representatives interim office for assistance with a limited range of services as listed below by the Clerk of the House. Legislative Information from Vacant Offices Until a new representative is elected, the vacant congressional office cannot take or advocate positions of public policy. Constituents may choose to express opinions on legislation or issues to your elected Senators or wait until a new representative is elected. Mail received by the vacant office will be acknowledged. The staff of the vacant office can assist constituents with general information concerning the status of legislation, but cannot provide analysis of issues or render opinions. Assistance With Federal Government Agencies The staff of the vacant office will continue to assist constituents who have cases pending with the office. These constituents will receive a letter from the Clerk requesting whether the staff should continue assistance or not. Constituents who do not have pending cases but require assistance in matters relating to federal government agencies are invited to contact the nearest district office for further information and assistance.