Capital Punishment Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Capital Punishment - Research Paper Example eval times that even sometimes stretched itself in modern times some were boiling the victim to death, the infamous Mongolian breaking back, catherine or breaking wheel, buried in ground while still alive, burning alive, crucifixion, crushing, decapitation, disembowelment, throwing down from a height, impalement and many other forms of capital punishment were practiced to deliver death to the concerned convict (10 Unusual methods of Capital Punishment, n.d.; Botsman, 2005, p.71). It is worth mentioning that type of capital punishment often differed depending upon the type of crime. A lingering death often awaited a serious convict who is subject to a heinous crime; while a less serious convict might be delivered a quick and almost painless death. Death through thousand cuts or slow slicing that was widely practiced in China in medieval period, reveals another ironical fact (Diehl & Donnelly, 2009, p.150). Here the convict was cut slowly keeping his vital organs intact so that he does not die quickly and suffers each moment of the last moment of his life. The relatives of the victim, if socially powerful and had adequate money often bribed the executioner to end the life of the prisoner after a couple of blow mainly on chest, throat or belly (Min, 2005, p. 15). The modern era ironically (the term used here to reflect the fact that whatever be the means the outcome would always be the same for the victim) brought some sophistication in execution, shooting, electric chair, hanging, electrocution, gas chamber poison injection replaced the brutal medieval acts and were considered to be more humane in nature (Volti, 1999). In USA much controversy has taken place regarding the use of electric chair and gas chamber while executing a convict and most of the states are now... A study of this stature is multidisciplinary and multifaceted. Though exploring the legal realms that governs the current system is my primary objective, yet the study carries many inherent potential apart from that which will explore like each buds of a flower as I move on with my research. In true terms the expected outcome of this study holds the potential to keep a balance between personal and professional augmentation. Capital Crime by Juveniles and the legal dilemma that follow suit will certainly be explored in this study. It is expected to be shown that capital punishment has little to do with curbing juvenile capital crime. On personal ground I will be able to know that what actually leads an adolescent to the world of crime from petty one to as large as capital crime. I am sure that this will reveal more than I expect and explore the multifaceted reasons that lie behind the juvenile capital offenders. This study will also introduce me with an unknown world that is riddled w ith chilled penury and perhaps the breeding ground of juvenile capital and other forms of crime. This might help me to have a different outlook towards juvenile criminals and might even compel me to extend my helping hands towards them. One of the major findings of this study might be ‘looks can be deceptive’ and so our society that we live within.

Fire Engineering Literature review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 9250 words

Fire Engineering - Literature review Example The study explores the role of these consultants in ensuring building design, development and sustenance for adherence to fire safety to understand the extent to which fire safety engineering solutions are important in fire engineering today. As buildings codes exist, so do the need for inspection for compliance and for adherence to fire safety which is usually overlooked by concerned administration or engineers in the respective departments. A building is a complex system with fire safety design being a part or inter-related sub-system of this complex system design. Two parameters: fire load density FLD (in MJm–2) and occupant load factor OLF are key in assessment of local fire codes in Hong Kong. A survey of private buildings in Hong Kong in February 1998 revealed that just 11 percent of the buildings were in satisfactory conditions in terms of fire safety. The survey was conducted by Fire Services Department (FSD) for provision and compliance with fire service installations and equipment (FSI) for fire prevention, detection and protection in the buildings. Incidents of fire in domestic and commercial buildings and rail and road tunnels have attracted criticism from the public as well as from other quarters and there have been constant changes in the building ordinance for fire safety to protect life and property. A framework for fire safety exists, based on which it is learnt that various countries including Hong Kong and Australia have developed a regulatory system for fire safety in buildings. The framework provides goals, objectives, performance requirements and means of compliance for building fire safety (Code of Practice for Fire Safety in Buildings, 2011). Factors determining fire safety in buildings, codes of practice for fire safety, design and performance of fire safety framework, compliance issues by segment, health and safety of building occupants and the insights into fire fighting industry in general in Hong Kong will be covered in this chapter. As buildings codes exist, so do the need for inspection for compliance and for adherence to fire safety which is usually overlooked by concerned administration or engineers in the respective departments. The role of these consultants in ensuring building design, development and sustenance for adherence to fire safety will also be explored to understand the extent to which fire safety engineering solutions are important in fire engineering today. Building occupancy Considering that Asian cities are becoming more urban with most of the population residing in high-rise buildings can be useful in studying the fire engineering solutions being employed to protect the life of the occupants and also the property. A study of the differences in structures shows that compartmentalized and non-compartmentalized structures with isomorphic and non-isomorphic floor plans can be assessed for fire safety (Livesay and Donegan, 2003, p 64.1) using different models like flame spread model, hea t transfer model, etc. (Bong, 2000). Hong Kong has a building control mechanism as shown in Figure 1 which includes design for fire safety mechanism as per codes of practice laid by two different legislative bodies, Buildings Ordinance (BO) and the Fire Services Ordinance (FSO), the compliance for which is overlooked by an Authorized Person (AP) acting as the project co-ordinator. The AP ensures that the building design, construction and management are in compliance with the BO in terms of fire engineering approach and performance (Lo et al, 2007, pp 133,134). Figure 1: Building control mechanism in Hong Kong. Source: (Lo et al, 2007, p 134). Building fire safety control mechanism takes into account the route complexity owing to the topological network of rooms and the passages that connect the rooms and floors to the exit space. Information theory and entropy are studied to formulate a mathematical model in Artificial Intelligence (AI) to evaluate the complexity of egress (or means of escape) based on route complexity. Building type comparisons are carried out by considering building plans as networks with the habitable compartments considered as the nodes of the network while the defined links between nodes or the connected passages between rooms and floors are considered as arcs or information steps. Using this information and the behaviour of fire using the different models, the egress

AFGHANISTAN Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

AFGHANISTAN - Essay Example The male members of Afghanistan’s population keep weapons with them as a sign of their personal honor. This paper contains a description of people and culture of Afghanistan. Afghanistan is an Islamic state and is landlocked which means that it has no sea routes. It can be considered as present in the center of Asia. The citizens of Afghanistan are called Afghans or Afghanis (Dupree 1977). The name of the state Afghanistan is given to it because it is the land of Afghans as they are the nationals of the country. The people of Afghanistan speak Pushto and Persian along with many local dialects. Afghanistan is a rich state in terms of culture and traditions (Jawad 1992). The people of Afghanistan consider themselves strongly associated to their culture, religion, identity and freedom (Toynbee 1961). Afghans live in form of Clans and are deeply rooted in the clan system. They felt themselves associated to other clan members and are always ready to secure their clan members from any attack or inconvenience from any side (Jawad 1992). The country has gone through many hard conditions of warfare and foreign invasion due to which, the country along with its people and culture has suffered immensely (Rall 2002). The country is mostly mountainous with green valleys in between. There are also plains and deserts in Afghanistan. Due to warfare in Afghanistan, many Afghans moved away from Afghanistan to the neighboring states such as Pakistan and Iran (Rall 2002). The people of Afghanistan are divided into many ethnicities or it can be said that Afghanistan is a country of people with mixed ethnicities (Toynbee 1961). It has a multiethnic culture but as far as religion is concerned, the dominant religion is Islam. The ethnic groups in Afghanistan are Pashtuns, Tajiks, Hazaras, Uzbeks, Turkmen, Baluch, Nuristani, Pashai, Aimak and Arabs (Dupree 1977). The Afghani people are identified according to their ethnicity by means of their being resided at different

Structure & Strategies for success Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Structure & Strategies for success - Coursework Example The matrix organization will use the teams of employees to accomplish the set work and take advantage of the strengths and make up for the weaknesses of functional and decentralized forms as we are providing more than one product and service. A strong or project matrix will be adopted where a project manager will be responsible for a particular product. Functional managers will provide technical expertise and assign resources as needed. The format used in the organization will ensure successful implementation of the organization’s purpose and function. The organization will be led by a Chief Executive Officer and will have seventy five employees. Under the executive officer will be the various departmental heads. The organization will have six major departments which include; Product Management, Information and Communications Technology, Research and Development, Sales and Marketing, Finance and Human Resources. Under product management each product and service will have a lin e manager and staff under him or her who will be in charge of all operations of the product from its development to the distribution to the customer. Each product or service will be handled as an independent item but may be combined for promotional purposes. The chief executive officer will oversee the overall implementation of the organizations goals and objectives. The chief product management will ensure that all products and services are developed to the satisfactory of the customer. The chief information and communications technology will handle the needs of the company as well as work in liaison with research and development department and product management in coming up with new products or improving existing ones. The chief research and development will ensure continued innovation of products and services and enhancement of existing products. Chief sales and marketing will be responsible for the marketing of the products and achievement of sales targets set. The chief financ e officer will be in charge of the organizations budget; revenue, costs and expenses while the chief human resources will be in charge of the personnel or work force. Organizational Structure CCC Marketing Strategies for success Strategy is the direction and scope of an organization over the long-term (Johnson & Scholes 17). The company’s strategic plan will help determine where the organization is going over the next five years. A goals-based planning will be undertaken and will focus on the organization’s mission, vision, values and goals and will be adopted by all departments to ensure success of the organization. Strategic planning will be conducted at least once a year to facilitate setting of goals in the coming year. Factors that will be considered in the strategies for success are the products, price, place, promotion, people, process and physical evidence. Products and Services The company is offering a wide range of products and services which include satel lite dish and broadband set up for home and business, IP phone set up, Pdq (credit card machine), satellite television and satellite networking. The products are functional as need for internet use is paramount and on the increase both from home and office. Cable television is also in high demand. Support after installations will be offered for the client and warranty for the equipment will also be given. Price and Place The products and serv

Managing Schools Corporate Image - a Case Study in University Essay

Managing Schools Corporate Image - a Case Study in University - Essay Example Just as any other corporations present in the community, pedagogical institutions are not exempted from this common situation in the community. It is necessary for educational institutions to project a good image and identity towards the community since they are considered responsible in shaping the future of every nation. As simple as these two ideas may seem yet in reality, this is one of the most difficult and the most complex challenges that a business may face that concerns management these days. In order to address this challenge, every organization must understand and recognize the importance of corporate image and identity. (http://www.lippincottmercer.com/insights/a_roberts03.shtml, para 4) In order to make sure that the company is developing the reputation it seeks from the community, the need for perfectly aligning these two elements - corporate image and corporate identity, is held necessary furthermore considered to be the only way of attaining such expectations. (http://www.lippincottmercer.com/insights/a_roberts03.shtml, para 2 & 5) "Identity goes to the heart of how a company creates value in the marketplace and in the financial markets. In a nutshell, that is the very essence of image management". This key element in building the reputation of the organization includes the organization's purpose, its vision, its strategy and its business objectives. " (http://www.lippincottmercer.com/insights/a_roberts03.shtml, para 2, 5 & 6) As a whole, corporate identity consists of all its products and services, as well as how its people behave that is projected through the shared values of the organization and its employees. Corporate identity digs deeper as to the process and the ways in which the company creates its own value in the community where it markets its products and services. (http://www.lippincottmercer.com/insights/a_roberts03.shtml, para 2, 5 & 6) On the other hand, corporate image has to do something with the people who had availed of the corporation's products and services, their impressions and associations towards the corporation as perceived through their experiences with the company. Generally, these impressions and association that the consumers have developed within themselves can however be controlled by the corporation. Everything that the consumers have to go through is capable of being controlled by the corporation to a greater or lesser degree. This "may include the tone and manner of its employees, its pricing structure, the quality of its customer service, the publicity it receives from the media, its social responsiveness and its activities in the community". (http://www.lippincottmercer.com/insights/a_roberts03.shtml, para 7) It is and has been conceptualized largely in terms of the visual aspect it projects to the people. In business management studies, they also suggest that image is determined mostly by the organization and is presented to the employees in both verbal and visual form. (qtd in Moffit & Williams, 1997) Managing effectively the corporate image and identity is considered as the only way of building the desired reputation of the corporation towards its target consumers. (http://www.lippincottmercer.com/insights/a_roberts03.shtml, para 7) Hong Kong Institute of Education (HKIEd) - A Case Study Pedagogical institutions, unlike any other corporations, have a more challenging management strategy

Importance of Computer Essay Example for Free

Importance of Computer Essay Computer is an electronic device used in almost every field even where it is most unexpected. That is why this age is called as the era of IT. And now we cannot imagine a world without computers. It is made up of two things one is the hardware and other is software. All physical components of computer like keyboard, mouse, monitor etc comes under the hardware whereas all the programs and languages used by the computer are called software. These days computers are the tools for not only engineers and scientists but also they are being used by millions of people around the world. Computers have become an integral part of our lives. Be it the desktop computers or laptop computers, both have various advantages in our daily life. The landscape of global communication has changed since computers have been introduced in our society. Importance of computers can be attributed to the fact that almost every sphere of our life is affected by computers. Information technology (IT) is a whole new industry that has developed after the introduction of computers. Presenting before you is an article with an abridged summary of importance in computers in various fields. Importance of Using Computer Among several advantages of computers, access to the Internet is hailed to be an advantage that has shaped the way we communicate. Importance of information technology has been such that besides creating millions of IT jobs, it has become an integral part of every other industry. Features and operations of IT are indirectly required in every other sector. Role of Computers in Education Right from elementary school students to PhD researchers, every educational system has been influenced by computers. Some of the uses of computers in education are as follows: †¢Students can be better prepared for the future technologies and its easier to explain them several topics that are hard to be understood without 3-D images. †¢Online education has made learning easier and convenient for a large section of population. †¢Easy access to encyclopedia on the Internet certainly makes us ponder over textbooks versus computer teaching. Online encyclopedia have made researching and preparing documents simpler. †¢Students aware of computer uses have better chances of job opportunities as computers literacy is a need now. Importance of  computer education was never so important as it is in the present scenario. †¢Using computer aided facilities like PowerPoint presentation eases understanding of complex topics. BANKS Almost every bank is using computers to keep the record of all the money transaction and other calculations. Moreover it provides speed, convenience and security. COMMUNICATION Communication is another important aspect of computer and has become very easy through internet and email. Computer communicates using telephone lines and modems. Through email we can send messages to anybody in any part of the world in just a second while if we write letter then it will reach in some days. So the internet has made the earth a global village and above all saves time. This would not be possible without computers. Internet helps to find information on every topic. It is the easiest and fastest way of research. Computer network makes the user capable of accessing remote programs and databases of same or different organizations. MEDIA Almost every type of editing and audio- visual compositions can be made by using special software especially made for this purpose. Some software can even make three dimensional figures which are mostly used in the cartoon films. Special effects for action and science fiction movies are also created on computer. TRAVEL AND TICKETING Computers do all the work of plane and train reservation. It shows the data for vacant and reserved seats and also saves the record for reservation. WEATHER PREDICTIONS Weather predictions are also possible by the experts using supercomputers. SPORTS It is also used for umpiring decisions. Many times the umpire has to go for the decision of third umpire in which the recording is seen again on the computer and finally reaches to the accurate and fair decision. Simulation software allows the sportsman to practice and improve his skills. DAILY LIFE We operate washing machines, microwave oven and many other products using software. Moreover we can store all the information about our important  work, appointments schedules and list of contacts. Crucial Role of Computers in Medicine The health care field has gone through a revolution after computers have been introduced in our society. Uses of computer in the medical field has been immense. Computers have been integrated with almost all medical technologies to improve accuracy in results. †¢Big hospitals require computer systems to maintain database of patient records. This has lessened the burden of paper management. †¢Some uses of computers in hospitals include maintaining staff attendance records, medical records recording of incoming and outgoing timings of staff, computerized accounting and managing records of patient and associated doctors. †¢The use of computers in medicine has gained more significance as heartbeat rate, pulse rates all can be checked on special graphs on monitor screen. †¢Internet technology has made it easier to exchange information, news and reports about latest medical development all across the globe. †¢Medical imaging has grown to become an extremely important aspect of medical diagnosis. By using techniques to create body images of even the most complex structures in the body, scientists have made it easier to treat ailments. †¢Web conferencing has made it easier for expert doctors sitting in some distant country to guide and instruct junior surgeons. More so, even while operation, many senior doctors can guide junior doctors. These are some of the amazing uses of computers in hospital set ups. †¢All surgical procedures are recorded in small cameras (some even installed in the medical equipment) so that the process of surgery can be learned better and improved. †¢Nowadays, even computer counseling is possible owing to extensive use of computers. Benefits of Computers in Business The use of computers in business has grown by leaps and bound since the last few decades. Here are some of the benefits of computers in business field. †¢Using Internet technologies, computer networking and several types of software, businesses are able to communicate all across the globe crossing geographical boundaries. †¢Communication has taken a new role among partners, suppliers, consumers and theyre able to keep a track of each other that facilitates the business process. †¢Development of software like  Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) software solutions and Management Information Systems (MIS) have made it possible to centralize administrative features of a firm. †¢Project management and other planning activities are easily designed by integrating latest software with computers. This decreases time on planning and figuring out certain complex issues. †¢Seminars, conferences and meetings can be scheduled with bosses and big corporate giants through web conferencing that can be heard by all the employees simultaneously. While the debate on advantages and disadvantages of Internet or computers will always exist, its certainly a truth that computers have made our life totally different, progressive and better. So we can say that today computer is playing very important role in our lives. Now is the time when we cannot imagine the world without computers. And this technology is advancing both in industry and home. It has become necessary for everyone to have the basic knowledge about computer. Otherwise he cannot get a job as computers have invaded almost all the fields.

Role of the Judiciary in Democracy

Role of the Judiciary in Democracy In a liberal democratic state, the judiciary has four main responsibilities including formulating the rule of law through the interpretation and application of law to respond with a verdict, settling disputes, checking legality and being a player in state politics. To accomplish these four duties, the basic principles of a liberal democratic state must be upheld along with the principles of a legal democracy and state. The judiciary also has to interpret and apply the law along with the constitution, and to provide impartial adjudications of disputes between the state and individuals, between individuals, and between different levels of government within the state. The reliance on the courts and on judicial means for addressing core moral dilemmas, political controversies and public policy questions is arguably one of the most consequential phenomena of the late twentieth and early twentieth century government. Equipped with newly attained judicial review, national high courts worldwide have been frequently asked to resolve a range of issues, varying from the scope of expression and religious liberties, reproductive and privacy freedoms, equality rights, to public policies pertaining to criminal justice, education, labour, and environmental protection. The increasing political importance of courts has not only become more globally widespread than ever before but it has also extended its scope to become a manifold, multifaceted phenomenon that distends well beyond the now standard concept of judge made policy-making. The basic law of the Irish State is the Constitution of Ireland adopted by referendum in 1937 replacing the Constitution of the Irish Free State (1922). The Constitution is the canopy under which justice is administered and legal rights enforced in courts established by law. The Constitution delineates a separation of powers among the organs of State, executive, legislative and judicial. It guarantees the judicial protection of fundamental rights and also due process in the administrative and judicial spheres. It may be invoked by individuals to challenge the constitutionality of laws passed by the Oireachtas and to seek redress for breach of constitutional rights. Subject to the Constitution the legal system is based on the common law tradition. (1) The judiciaries role in the community is manifested not only in what judges do but also in the way that they do it. This is called the judicial style. There is an evident difference between the style of judges in civil law jurisdictions and the style of judges in common law traditions. In recent times there has been an insistence upon satisfactory accountability of all the institutions within the government, which needs to be reconciled with the principles of independence, has to be addressed and accepted. A lot of the publics money is invested in courts, and the people are entitled to expect that the work of individual judges is done efficiently, as well as fairly, deliver their judgements in a relatively prompt manner and will manage cases with due regard to consideration of economy. To achieve the characteristics of a judiciary, developed democracies have relied on the culture of the judiciary. When judges enter office they swear to uphold the rights of all citizens and the constitution, self integrity, peer pressure, and public scrutiny combine to make judges, at least at the highest level, to abide by their oath. By setting these standards for promotion, they can help harbour the same behaviour in their future peers and at lower levels. The duty of fairness and the principles of natural justice have been established by the courts through judicial review focus on the vital issue whether, in all circumstances, the procedure followed in a particular case was fair. The transparency and open process of decision-making that have been structured through judicial review are one of the safeguards in achieving an acceptable equilibrium between the countrys need for security and the rights and freedoms of its citizens. A multi-dimensional approach is needed to successful ly deal with this challenge. Judges will continue to rely upon the insights and wisdom of the legal community. The input from a variety of disciplines is however also essential. Community and government workers, academics, social scientists and policy makers can assist the judiciary in attaining more complete perspective. There is a need to strive for the intricate and complex balance which will foster the growth and development of rational and sound principles under the new legislation. Legislature also has to recognize that it cannot exert influence over the workings of the court and selection of its personnel since it is a party to many disputes between citizens and their representatives that the judiciary has to resolve. Legislature, for example, has to acknowledge that its purpose is to represent citizens and operate within the structures based on rules defined by the constitution. Representation does not mean unchallenged power. The judiciary protects the citizens should their duly elected representatives in the legislature choose to undertake such actions that violate constitutional rights of anyone in the society. The involvement of other branches of government in workings of the court should be as limited as is possible. In instances where any rule is deemed unsuitable constitution also delineates the process of amending the constitution. The judiciaries role in formulating or applying policy is a subject that has associations extending well beyond judicial review of administrative decisions. When policy formation is thought of as being part of the judicial function it is important that it is comprehensible as to what is being said to be going on, and how the judicial method is related to it, the judicial role and the judicial capacity. While there is a development in common law, as a response to changing needs as well as appropriate pressure for rationalisation, there is an accountability for such development by judges to follow the wisdom of laws in the constitution and proposed change. They accomplish this within the propensities of their own discipline. Another matter worth weighing might be the changing attitude of the legal profession, and others, towards the use of litigation as a technique for achieving political and social objectives. We have long been accustomed to the use of litigation as a weapon in corporate and commercial rivalry, but we are seeing an upsurge in what might be described as the politically and socially aggressive use of litigation. This has also resulted in a change in the character of the work coming before some courts, and has a significant effect on the way in which courts appear to the public to behave. (2) As a democratic society, we have witnessed momentous changes in the relationship between individuals and the state. The judiciary possesses the knowledge and experience to make tremendous contributions to the maintenance and continuing evolution of our democratic society. The role of the courts as resolver of disputes, interpreter of the law and defender of the Constitution, requires that they be completely separate in authority and function from all other participants in the justice system. Bibliography Ejn.net Jca.asn.au/attachments/Gleeson.html