An Analysis of the Cinema of Short Films

An Analysis of the motion-picture show of scant(p)sighted sproutsINTRODUCTION use up as dream, assume as music. No form of guile goes beyond ordinary consciousness as buck does, straight to our emotions, deep into the twilight room of the soul. Ingmar BergmanCinema is one of the few mediums which take away managed to successfully figure the true reality of society in general and our lives in p dodgeicular. As like other art forms, it depicts the multiple realties that one is demonstrated with. It explores one of the nearly dis railcarded yet eternal truths which every individual experiences and that is isolation. Each individual longs for social ties despite belonging to organized societies it is what for each one one of us is at long last reduced to.A nearsighted drive is a technical description originally coined in the Indian read industry and use in the join Ameri kitty film industry in the early period of cinema. The description is now use almost interchangeabl y with mind slight subject.Although the North American interpretation generally refers to films between 20 and 40 minutes, the definition refers to much pettyer films in Europe,Latin America and Australasia. InNew Zealand, for instance, the description can be used to describe either film that has duration longer than one minute and shorter than 15 minutes. The North American definition also ranges to snap much more on character whereas the European and Australasian forms tend to depend much more on visual drama and p stilt twists. In this way, the North American form can be chthonianstood to be a derivation of the feature film form, usually acting as a platform for aspirant Hollywood directors. Elsewhere, short films tend to work as showcases for cinematographers and commercial directors. (Short take up)A short film manages to tell the same tale as a full length feature film, unagitated in a shorter duration of time. It is characterized by the directors reflection of the existing social, political and economic conditions. A short film narrative is one which can well be created by the great unwashed from all walks of life, it has universal applicability. It enables directors functioning on a small budget to tell their stories to the universe. The talent in creating a short film lies in communicating the message of the film to the audience in a very limited period of time. The transitions in a short film ar of critical immenseness. What I find intriguing is how any person imbibes from their existing social conditions and produce work which is effectively communicable to most individuals.a nonher(prenominal) reason to dwell into this topic of research is that many youngsters and amateurs start by making short films and use it as a path to grow. As Daniel Wiernicki states, Short films atomic number 18 often popular as first steps into the film industry among young film even uprs. This is because they are cheaper and easier to make, and also their length makes shorts more probable to be watched by financial backers and others who want approximatelywhat demonstration of a filmmakers ability. Many things can be achieved by creating a short film so are an ideal opportunity to get recognized and get into the industry. (Wiernicki)Through this dissertation, I aim to explore the world of short films in the context of use of scenes which pay won the Cannes Short Film Palme dOr(FrenchPalme dOr du speak to mtrage), which is the highest prize effrontery to a short film at the Cannes Film feast. These short films are a representation of contrary cultures, ideologies, people, religion, economic background, and political thoughts and history from crossways the world that come together on one platform and showcase their art.The cinema is not an art which films life the cinema is something between art and life. Unlike painting and literature, the cinema both gives to life and takes from it, and I try to render this concept in my films. Literature and painting both exist as art from the very start the cinema doesnt. Jean- Luc GodardLITERATURE REVIEWThroughout our history, humans have looked for different forms of expressing themselves. These expressions were in the form of poetry, literature, songs, plays, dancing, etc. films are one of the latest forms of expression that has been adopted by the people most the world to portray their views on their surroundings, any event, or moment that captivates them and they want to show it to the world. The beauty of the films nowadays is that you can detract from reality and present something beyond the human imagination at the same time one can present the harsh realities of life that some dont know about. Films as a medium of communications can be used to spread ones message or view across the world.History of Cinema (History of Film)The birth of the films happened in 1878, when Eadweard Muybridge recorded a horse running in warm motion using a series of 24 stereos copic cameras. With the development of engine room came of the Silent era. Till the 1920s movies were silent, though at times they were attach to by musicians, sound effects, or even commentary at times.1940s to 60s- War and Post War CinemaThe wartime saw immense change in the cinema as more nidus was given to propaganda and patriotic films. Films like Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs and Citizen Cane were pieces of this period.The cold war era brought movies fill with paranoia such as Invading Armies of Evil Aliens and anti-communist movies such as the Manchurian Candidate. The onset of television in the post war era also peril the cinematic industry as a medium of watching films.During this Period, Asiatic Cinema specifically saw a golden age. Some of the greatest masterpieces of the Asian cinema were produced during this period. These include works like Yasujiro OzusTokyo Story(1953),Satyajit RaysThe Apu Trilogy(1955-1959) andThe Music Room(1958),Kenji MizoguchisUgetsu(1954) andSansho the Bailiff(1954),Raj KapoorsAwaara(1951),Mikio NarusesFloating Clouds(1955),Guru DuttsPyaasa(1957) andKaagaz Ke Phool(1959), and theAkira Kurosawa films Rashomon (1950), Ikiru(1952),Seven Samurai(1954) andThrone of Blood(1957).1970s Post- varianceical cinemaThis term is used to describe the period following the decline of the studio system during the mid-fifties and 1960s and the end of the production code. During the 1970s, filmmakers increasingly depicted explicit sexual content and showed gunfight and battle sentiments that included graphic images of bloody deaths.The 1980s were fill up with movies releasing with sequels like Star Wars, Jaws, and Indiana Jones. The audience also started to watch movies on their VCR at home during this period.1990s to present Contemporary CinemaThe 1990s saw the development of the independent cinema with commercial success. Special effects also ruled during this period as it was being heavily used by the successful movies of the per iod like Terminator 2 Judgment Day(1991) andTitanic(1997).During the 2000s, documentary genre of film making also rose as can be seen with the success of movies such as March of the Penguins, and Fahrenheit 9/11. Increase in the problem of digital distri simplyion due to infringement of copy disciplines, and piracy also has reached heights during this period.Cinema as a whole during this decade has become more global with foreign-language films gaining popularity in English-speaking markets. Films such as city of Gods (Portugese), Lagaan (Hindi), and the Passion of the Christ (Aramaic).Some have described the prevailing style of the period as post modern because many contemporary films are apolitical, ahistorical, intertextual, and less tied to the conventions of a single genre or culture. The transnational circulation and genre hybridity of contemporary films is exemplified by the increasing global popularity of non- English speaking cinema. (Film Studies, 2009)Major Genres of Fi lmsThey are broad enough to accommodate practically any film ever made, although film categories can never be precise. By isolating the various elements in a film and categorizing them in genres, it is possible to easily evaluate a film within its genre and allow for meaningful comparisons and some judgments on greatness. Films were not really subjected to genre analysis by film historians until the 1970s. All films have at least one major genre, although in that respect are a build of films that are considered crossbreeds or hybrids with three or four everyplacelapping genre (orsub-genre) types that identify them. (Dirks)Genres in cinema can broadly be categorized under the following classificationsSettingprisonHistoryFuturisticFantasyWesternWarMoodDramaMelodramaTragedyComedy- dramaRomanceAction- adventureHumor/ ComedySlapstickBlack comedyScrewball comedyAction comedyRomantic comedySuspenseHorrorMysteryThrillerTheme or topicCrimeArt FilmWarScience fictionalEspionageWesternSports FantasyFilm NoirFormatMusicalDocumentaryLive actionAnimationBiographyHISTORY OF SHORT FILMSShort subject a name initially given to Short Films came into existence in the 1910s when the majority of the feature movies were being made into loner run-time editions. The name short subject is an American film industry term, which was charge to any film within 20 minutes long or running two reels. Short subject films could be comedy, animated, or live action. wiz of the best kn make users of short subject was Laurel and Hardy and Charlie Chaplin.In 1930s came the slowdown of the short subjects, basically produced by Warner Bros and Famous studios that owned their own theatres to showcase the films. By 1995s, the rise of television led to the strangulation of the live action- short and at the same time the fall cartoon short. Since the 1960s, majority of the directors of short films have been special studio projects or independent film makers.Since the 1980s, short film term was being use d for short subject. Short film as a term describes the non- commercial film that is much shorter in time length than a feature film/ an analogy that can be pull for short film to a feature film is that of a novella and a novel.The short filmmakers heavily depend on the short film feasts and art exhibitions to showcase their short films. At the same time, these film makers have more freedom to take up more difficult topics than normal feature films as the risks are lower. Short film making is now a growing as more and more amateurs, students, common man, and enthusiasts are taking this up because of the affordability of the technology to make such films. At the same time one can showcase his work to the world by uploading it on web portals and sharing it with others. It is an welkin where people are turning to as a hobby, as an art, to achieve their form expressions. (Wiernicki)THE SHORT FILM FESTIVALSFestival de CannesThe Festival is an apolitical no-mans-land, a microcosm of wh at the world would be like if people could contact each other directly and speak the same language. Jean CocteauBeing first large international ethnical event after the World War II, the Festival de Cannes opened on 20th September, 1946. The Palme dOr was created in 1955. Palme dOr became the enduring symbol of the Cannes Film Festival, set aparted each and every stratum since to the director of the Best Feature Film of the Official Competition.At present, Festival de Cannes invites film makers from around the world to present their work in one take aim and exchange cultural experiences. The selections for the awards are done from a nomination of films from all over the world, from different socio-economic backgrounds, different cultures, and different historical backgrounds.Cannes offers an opportunity to determine a particular countrys image of its cinema. Festival de Cannes is a melting pot of global cinema and filmmakers. This is the reason why I have undertaken the study of the award loving short films at festival de Cannes.(Festival History)Oscar Short Film stagesTheAcademy Awards, also known as theOscars, are presented annually by the Academy of Motion Picture humanistic discipline and Sciences(AMPAS). The AMPAS recognizes the excellence of professionals in the film industry, including directors, actors, and writers. The1st Academy Awards ceremony was held Thursday, May 16, 1929, at the Hotel RooseveltinHollywoodto honor outstanding film achievements of 1927 and 1928. Since 2002, the awards have been broadcast from the Kodak Theatre.The formal ceremony at which the awards are presented is one of the most prominent award ceremonies in the world. It is also the oldest award ceremony in the media, and many other award ceremonies such as theGrammy Awards(for music), Golden Globe Awards(all forms of visual media), and Emmy Awards(for television) are often modeled from the Academy.The Oscar Award is given to Short Films with entries from across the worl d due its prestige involved with the award. The Oscar Awards are given to Short Films in three categories within the Short Film category. These categories areBest Animated Short Film AwardBest Documentary Short depicted object AwardBest Live Action Short FilmSundance Film FestivalTheSundance Film Festival takes place annually in the state of Utah, in theUnited States. It is the largest independent cinema festival in the U.S.Held every year in January inPark City, Salt Lake City, and Ogden, as well as theSundance Resort, the festival is the premier showcase for the new work of arts from across the world of independent filmmakers. The festival comprises of competitive sections for world over dramatic and documentary films, both feature-length films and short films, and a group of non-competitive showcase sections.Initially the Festival was a low- profile venue for small-budget, independent directors from outside the Hollywood. right off it has changed to a media extravaganza for Hol lywood celebrity actors, directors, and luxury lounges set up by companies that are not affiliated with Sundance. The Sundance Festival has tried to change these activities in recent times, beginning from 2007 with their Focus on Film campaign.From 2009 onwards some changes were made to the Sundance Film Festival. Some of the changes made include a new programming category called NEXT for extremely low-budget films, and the Sundance Film Festival U.S.A. program, in which eight of the festivals films go out be shown in eight theaters around the country, a very good initiative as more people will get access to the films that barely few selected audience gets.Sundance over time has shown is credibility as being the international festival for feature length and short- films. It is now recognized the world over as one of the important festivals to look for each year. It still has a long way to go till it reaches the level of Cannes Film Festival and Oscars.Aspen FilmfestAspen Filmfest began in 1979 in Aspen, Colorado, USA. The Aspen Film organizes a major movie event every season, contri preciselying to an extensive education program, and hosts of numerous special presentations. Each year, some 30,000 people participate in this festival.Aspen Filmfest believes in the philosophy of striving to enlighten, enrich, educate, and entertain audience through the films. Aspen Filmfest is known for its commitment to original content. They screen more than 200 films each year, which are regional de ands and might not be available to the local audiences.The Aspen short film festival receives entry not only from US but from world over. There is also a special award given in collaboration with BAFTA/ LA giving it affiliation with BAFTA awards and also credibility but with the American perspective added to it.KNOWLEDGE GAPLooking at the menstruum literature review, we see that there is a knowledge gap regarding the study of Short Films in the contemporary cinema as a communica tion medium. This subject requires an in-depth analysis and more research to come up with some perspectives in this area. question OBJECTIVES1. To analyze the Form of award winning Short Films taken from a randomized selection, from contemporary cinema (last ten years), from Short Film Festivals held between 2000- 2009 Cannes Palme dOr du court mtrage, Oscar Short Film Award, Aspen Filmfest Award, and Sundance Short Film Awards, and analyse the form of Short films.2. To analyse the Content of the award winning Short Films in context of political, sociological, economical, and historical backgrounds.RESEARCH METHODOLOGYThe Qualitative research methodology is used in this study. The method would involve analyses of the form and content of the Short Films.The SampleThe award winning Short Films taken from a randomized selection, from reputed Short Film Festivals held across the world between 2000- 2009. These festivals are Cannes Palme dOr du court mtrage, Oscar Short Film Award, Aspen Filmfest Award, and Sundance Short Film Awards.The following Short Films have been selected for the study1. Movie GridlockDirector Dirk BelinCountry BelgiumAward Oscar best live action short film, 2003 Aspen bunco fest, 20022. Movie StrangersDirector Guy Nattiv and Erez TadmorCountry IsraelAward Aspen Shorts fest, 2003 Sundance Film Festival, 20033. Movie Ver LloverDirector Elisa MillerCountry MexicoAward Cannes Film Festival, 20074. Movie SnifferDirector Bobbie PeersCountry NorwayAwards Cannes Film Festival, 20095. Movie OktapodiDirector Julien Bocabeille, Franois-Xavier Chanioux, Olivier Delabarre, Thierry Marc achieve , Quentin Marmier and Emud MokhberiCountry FranceAwards Oscar best animated shorts winner, 20076. Movie SpiderDirector Nash EdgertonCountry AustraliaAward Aspen shorts fest, 2007 Sundance Film Festival, 2007Why the above Sample?The above following sample has been chosen for the reason being that the Festival de Cannes(le Festival de Cannes), Oscars, Aspen Filmfest , and Sundance Film Festival, are one of the worlds oldest, finest and most prestigious film festivals which have a very good representation of directors from across the world from different cultural, political, historical, religious, economical, and sociological backgrounds. This provides us with a variety of content for our study. The above movies are selected also on the basis of them being a part of contemporary cinema.How to Study Short FilmsSome of the dramatic points/ questions that will be used to do this study of short films are as follows1. Who is telling the story? Why is it being told? Does it appear to have a purpose?(media agencies, authorial voice, writers and auteurs, marketing, economics, ideology)2. How is it experienced? Who consumes it, where and in what way?(readers and media audiences- private and public experience, narrative structures)3. How is it made?(film technology, publishing and episodic publishing-the differences they make to the production process as well as to the finished product)4. How does it construct meaning?(film language and written language-expectations of audiences and readers, codes and conventions, narrative structures)5. How does it represent its subject- especially with reference to period?(representation, use of stereotypes, representation of the past)(FILM theatre GUIDE FOR TO KILL A MOCKINGBIRD, 2003)6.Three Ways of Thinking Talking About Films (Wilder, 1997)Literary AspectsDramatic AspectsCinematic AspectsWho are the characters in the film?Did the actors make you forget they were acting? How?What vivid visual images did you note? What did they make you feel or think about?What is the films setting?Were costumes, make-up, and set equally important to the success of the film?What sounds or music do you remember? What did they make you feel or think about?What are the main plot elements?In what scene was an actors voice (pitch, volume, expression) particularly effective?What scenes can you understand even witho ut dialogue? Why?From whose point of view is the story told?Select a scene that mustiness have been difficult to act. How did the actor make his or her body movements appropriate and convincing?What scene has very effective or unusual editing?What is the melodic theme of the film?Describe a scene in which facial expression was important. What feelings were developed? Were words necessary?If the film uses special effects, do they add to or detract from your enjoyment of the film?What is the mood of the film?Did the actors establish their characters more through dialogue or through movement and facial expressions?.What symbols did you notice?How is this film like or unlike other films by the director? Does this director have a recognizable style?..Was there anything about the acting, set, or costumes that bothered you or interfered with your watching of the film?LIMITATIONS OF RESEARCH1. The selection of the short films could have been broader and incorporated from more film festiv als from across the world.2. More methods like semiotics could have been used for the analysis of the short films.3. Difficulty in access to short film movies from across the world and across film festivals. This includes difficulty in procuring even the award winning short films.EXPECTED CONTRIBUTIONGiven that the art of making Short Films is on the upward trend it is necessary to analyze the current trends, narratives, and the context of the Short Films genre in our contemporary cinema. We have enough knowledge on feature length movies but we lack information on the Short Films of our age. The study of this medium is important as Short films are a highly effective medium of communication and will gain importance going forward. As more and more people are turning towards Short Film making due to accessibility to technology, it is one field that of necessity attention in our world of cinema. A study of its content will give us a better understanding of the Short Films and world arou nd us through their camera scope is imperative.EXPLORING THE SHORT FILMSMovie GridlockDirector Dirk BelinCountry BelgiumAward Oscar best live action short film, 2003 Aspen Shorts fest, 2002THE STORYBOARDThe short film starts off with light summery music with nothing clear on the camera but a blur. Slowly the camera gets into focus and we see that it is runlight of the car. The music play in the background is singing about a sunny day but when the camera gets into focus we befool that it is snowing heavily. The camera then moves up the across the bonnet of the car to focus on the man sitting inside the car. The man looks like in his forties, bald (looks like his style not natural), sporting a little hair under the lower lip, wearing a suit, light game shirt, with a blue tie, and spectacles. The radio becomes audible now and the music stops on the radio and the news start. The lady on the radio news tells about the traffic ram down that there is on the road Antwerp- Ghent. The m an listens to it and then switches it off by cursing at it and saying yes, I can see that. Stupid Bitch. At this scene the camera is focusing on the scene that it visible from the front window of the car portraying lot of snow and jam. The man in the car seems very annoyed with the jam. He starts cursing the people who are working on clearing the road inside the car only. As the man is in the process of taking out his medicines an ambulance whizzes past his car with its loud siren at which the man freaks out and curses Jesus Christ Assholes the man then takes his medicines and breathes heavily after that for first few breathes and then relaxes. He looks into his watch for time. The camera all this time is placed right behind the steering wheel dashboard. Now it moves to the side passenger seat in the front where a newly bought mobile earpiece lies inside its open box.The man says to himself loudly, Lets see if this thing is as good as the guy said. He dials a number. There is honki ng of a car from behind which annoys him again and he shouts inside the car only at the person in the car behind and starts driving with the peal between his shoulder blade and right ear. The car stops. The phone rings in some home where the camera is focusing on the table with the phone and a Japanese sword also there on the stand. The table is placed right on the side of the wooden staircase leading to the higher floors. A chair in the background with a lamp to its side comes in the blur of the camera. The phone rings. We hear a television noise in the background and at the same time a young woman suddenly gets up from behind the table. The daughter seems about 5 years in age with golden hair knotted into two little buns on the head holding a doll with long hair which is tied into two pony tails and wearing a red frock. The young lady picks up the phone and the following communication happens with the camera shifting to the scene of the person talking from the same angle as it was before. young woman helloMan hey, honey, its daddy.Girl daddy?Man yes honey, its daddy.Girl Hi daddy.Man sweetie, is mommy there?Girl no, daddy, mommys on a higher floor(As the girl is talking on the phone she starts moving towards the pram to keep her doll in it. In the process the phone falls from the table and the man couldnt hear the upstairs)Man honey? Hello, what did you say?Girl helloMan say, sweetie, is mommy there?Girl mommys upstairs in the bedroom with uncle Wim.(The girl is playing with the wire of the phone as she says this. On earshot this the man starts stuttering a bit and is all flabbergasted)Man uncle Wim? But we dont have an uncle Wim, sweetie.Girl yes we do. Mommys upstairs with uncle Wim.(On hearing this, the man gets restless and doesnt know what to say. The girl keeps calling him daddy on the phone. The camera focuses on his lips.)Man honey, I want you to do something for meThe camera then focuses on the girl as the man explains the girl what to do. S he stands in one place listen intently and not moving a bit. The television noise is still there in the background. The camera moves around the girl late, withdrawing back from the girl. The girl leaves the phone receiver on the table and walks up the stair. The camera shifts to the man in the car who is very restless and takes one more round of his pills. The man still holding the phone to his ear is waiting for the girl to get back on the phone. The restlessness is still there as he keeps moving his hand over his head and breathing heavily. The girl comes down from the stairs. The girl picks up the phone.Girl hello daddy?Man what happened?The camera shifts to a room upstairs with the door bolted. The girl walks in the frame from behind and goes by the door. She hears moans and groans of her mother inside the room when she puts her ear against the door.Girl I went upstairs and knocked on the door, like you asked me to.The girl knocks on the door and then calls mommy, mommy, but s he only hears the moans getting louder. because she says, I heard daddys car. Hes home. The door opens and a nude woman screams at the girl and then runs away into the corridor into the bathroom. Then the camera pans towards the bedroom. An obese man there was wearing his pants in a hurry and looking at the girl in her eyes. He had spiked hair and a French beard. Fear was there in his eyes. Now we hear background sound of the girl talking on the phone explaining what she saw and happened as the camera moves with the girl in what she had just done while she was gone and phone receiver was on the table. At the same time there is light music that comes in as the girl runs towards the noise she heard and the music becomes much louder as the girl sees her mother lying on the bathroom floor dead. The girl starts rolling her finger in her hair.Girl and she ran into the bathroom and fell on the floor and I think she is dead.The camera shifts to the man in the car.Man dead? No, no, no.The m an seems to get scared and starts moving his hand over his bald head in tension.Man and uncle Wim?The camera shifts to the girl sitting by her mother and uncle Wim in the background. When the girl looks at him, he shuffles his steps a bit and runs. Then we hear a noise of a glass breaking. The girl moves to the other roomGirl hes hurt too.Then the camera follows her to another room. She walks past some broken pieces of glass with blood around them.Girl there was blood on the floor.Man blood?Girl uncle Wim wasnt there anymore.The camera gives a tanginess of an open window with white curtains fluttering with the snowfall outside. The view is that of a night and barren trees silhouette in the background. The camera then moves to the window and shifts slowly towards the area below the window where a figure of a man is there flat on the ground and no movement. The music is getting grimmer but still lighter in the intensity of its sound.Girl and I looked down and I think hes dead. In the swimming pool.Man swim pool? Swimming pool? What swimming pool?The man looks stunned and moves his mobile phone from his ear. He looks at the number on the mobile phone after hearing the swimming pool. And then he realizes the number he has dialed. A car honks at the back.Man holy shitGirl daddy?FORMThe movie has a very serious and frustrated mood in the beginning which is betrayed by the opening song which makes it sound nice and jolly. The movie focuses a lot on the close shots when the characters are talking. The movement of the camera is usually when there is no speech taking place. For example, when the man talks its focused on his face or his lips. When the phone was ringing the camera stayed on the phone till the little girl came into the scene. During the flashback the speed of the scenes goes in slow-motion and all the shots are from a nonmoving place. The camera just follows from where it is rather than moving with the characters.Throughout the movie the sounds of the n atural surroundings are used. The music is only used once the little girl starts explaining what all happened after she did what he had told her to do. The music comes in for the back flash part of the short film. The music used is also very grim and gothic type. The music gets louder when the death of the mother is shown and church bells for both the mother and uncle Wim. Once the man realizes that it is a wrong number that he has dialed, the music stops playing in the background.Music and the slowing of the scenes happen only in the flashback. While in the present scenario natural surrounding sounds are used with more focus on close shots.CONTENTThe short film was made in 2001 when the mobile phones were just growing in the world. So we see an upper class man, as he is driving a Mercedes car and his looks are that of a business man or such other job. What we see in the film is how a wrong connection